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Law-ref.org | Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe - Final Act - Helsinki 1975 |
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PAGE: I. Sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty [go to this PAGE]
... Within the framework of international law, all the
participating States have equal rights and duties. They will
respect each other's right to define and conduct as it wishes its
relations with other States in accordance with international law
and in the spirit of the present Declaration. They consider that
their frontiers can be changed, in accordance with international
law, by peaceful means and by agreement. They also have the right
to belong or not to belong to international organizations, to be
or not to be a party to bilateral or multilateral treaties
including the right to be or not to be a party to treaties of
alliance; they also have the right to neutrality. ...
PAGE: VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief
[go to this PAGE]
... In the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the
participating States will act in conformity with the purposes and
principles of the Charter of the United Nations and with the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They will also fulfil
their obligations as set forth in the international declarations
and agreements in this field, including inter alia the
International Covenants on Human Rights, by which they may be
bound. ...
PAGE: X. Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under international law [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States will fulfil in good faith their
obligations under international law, both those obligations
arising from the generally recognized principles and rules of
international law and those obligations arising from treaties or
other agreements, in conformity with international law, to which
they are parties. ...
... The participating States confirm that in the event of a
conflict between the obligations of the members of the United
Nations under the Charter of the United Nations and their
obligations under any treaty or other international agreement,
their obligations under the Charter will prevail, in accordance
with Article 103 of the Charter of the United Nations. ...
... The participating States, paying due regard to the
principles above and, in particular, to the first sentence of the
tenth principle, "Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under
international law", note that the present Declaration does not
affect their rights and obligations, nor the corresponding
treaties and other agreements and arrangements. ...
PAGE: Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Recognizing that such co-operation, with due regard for the
different levels of economic development, can be developed, on
the basis of equality and mutual satisfaction of the partners,
and of reciprocity permitting, as a whole, an equitable
distribution of advantages and obligations of comparable scale,
with respect for bilateral and multilateral agreements, ...
PAGE: 1. Commercial Exchanges General provisions [go to this PAGE]
... recognize the importance of bilateral and multilateral
intergovernmental and other agreements for the long-term
development of trade; ...
... consider that their trade in various products should be
conducted in such a way as not to cause or threaten to cause
serious injury - and should the situation arise, market
disruption - in domestic markets for these products and in
particular to the detriment of domestic producers of like or
directly competitive products; as regards the concept of market
disruption, it is understood that it should not be invoked in a
way inconsistent with the relevant provisions of their
international agreements; if they resort to safeguard measures,
they will do so in conformity with their commitments in this
field arising from international agreements to which they are
parties and will take account of the interests of the parties
directly concerned; ...
... consider that their trade in various products should be
conducted in such a way as not to cause or threaten to cause
serious injury - and should the situation arise, market
disruption - in domestic markets for these products and in
particular to the detriment of domestic producers of like or
directly competitive products; as regards the concept of market
disruption, it is understood that it should not be invoked in a
way inconsistent with the relevant provisions of their
international agreements; if they resort to safeguard measures,
they will do so in conformity with their commitments in this
field arising from international agreements to which they are
parties and will take account of the interests of the parties
directly concerned; ...
PAGE: 2. Industrial co-operation and projects of common interest Industrial co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... consider that industrial co-operation may be facilitated by
means of intergovernmental and other bilateral and multilateral
agreements between the interested parties; ...
PAGE: Projects of common interest [go to this PAGE]
... Considering it desirable that the competent organizations,
enterprises and firms of all countries should be given the
possibility of indicating their interest in participating in such
projects, and, in case of agreement, of taking part in their
implementation, ...
PAGE: 3. Provisions concerning trade and industrial co-operation Harmonization of standards [go to this PAGE]
... express their readiness to promote international agreements
and other appropriate arrangements on acceptance of certificates
of conformity with standards and technical regulations; ...
PAGE: Arbitration [go to this PAGE]
... recommend, where appropriate, to organizations, enterprises
and firms in their countries, to include arbitration clauses in
commercial contracts and industrial co-operation contracts, or in
special agreements; ...
... recommend that the provisions on arbitration should provide
for arbitration under a mutually acceptable set of arbitration
rules, and permit arbitration in a third country, taking into
account existing intergovernmental and other agreements in this
field. ...
PAGE: Specific bilateral arrangements [go to this PAGE]
... will consider favourably the conclusion, in appropriate
cases, of specific bilateral agreements concerning various
problems of mutual interest in the fields of commercial exchanges
and industrial co-operation, in particular with a view to
avoiding double taxation and to facilitating the transfer of
profits and the return of the value of the assets invested. ...
PAGE: 4. Science and technology [go to this PAGE]
... Affirming that such co-operation can be developed and
implemented bilaterally and multilaterally at the governmental
and non-governmental levels, for example, through
intergovernmental and other agreements, international
programmes, cooperative projects and commercial channels, while
utilizing also various forms of contacts, including direct and
individual contacts, ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... exchanges and visits as well as other direct contacts and
communications among scientists and technologists, on the basis
of mutual agreement and other arrangements, for such purposes as
consultations, lecturing and conducting research, including the
use of laboratories, scientific libraries, and other documen-
tation centres in connexion therewith;
...
... joint preparation and implementation of programmes and
projects of mutual interest on the basis of consultation and
agreement among all parties concerned, including, where possible
and appropriate, exchanges of experience and research results,
and correlation of research programmes, between scientific and
technological research institutions and organizations;
...
PAGE: Economic and social aspects of migrant labour [go to this PAGE]
... are of the opinion that the problems arising bilaterally
from the migration of workers in Europe as well as between the
participating States should be dealt with by the parties directly
concerned, in order to resolve these problems in their mutual
interest, in the light of the concern of each State involved to
take due account of the requirements resulting from its socio-
economic situation, having regard to the obligation of each State
to comply with the bilateral and multilateral agreements to which
it is party, and with the following aims in view: ...
PAGE: 1. Human Contacts [go to this PAGE]
... Declare their readiness to these ends to take measures which
they consider appropriate and to conclude agreements or
arrangements among themselves, as may be needed, and ...
PAGE: (d) Travel for Personal or Professional Reasons [go to this PAGE]
... They intend to consider, as necessary, means - including, in
so far as appropriate, the conclusion of multilateral or
bilateral consular conventions or other relevant agreements or
understandings - for the improvement of arrangements to provide
consular services, including legal and consular assistance. ...
PAGE: (e) Improvement of Conditions for Tourism on an Individual or Collective Basis [go to this PAGE]
... to increase, on the basis of appropriate agreements or
arrangements where necessary, co-operation in the development of
tourism, in particular by considering bilaterally possible ways
to increase information relating to travel to other countries and
to the reception and service of tourists, and other related
questions of mutual interest.
...
PAGE: (f) Meetings among Young People [go to this PAGE]
... increased exchanges and contacts on a short or long term
basis among young people working, training or undergoing
education through bilateral or multilateral agreements or regular
programmes in all cases where it is possible;
...
... study by their youth organizations of the question of
possible agreements relating to frameworks of multilateral youth
co-operation;
...
... agreements or regular programmes relating to the
organization of exchanges of students, of international youth
seminars, of courses of professional training and foreign
language study;
...
PAGE: (ii) Printed Information [go to this PAGE]
... they will encourage their competent firms and organizations
to conclude agreements and contracts designed gradually to
increase the quantities and the number of titles of newspapers
and publications imported from the other participating States.
These agreements and contracts should in particular mention the
speediest conditions of delivery and the use of the normal
channels existing in each country for the distribution of its own
publications and newspapers, as well as forms and means of
payment agreed between the parties making it possible to achieve
the objectives aimed at by these agreements and contracts;
...
... they will encourage their competent firms and organizations
to conclude agreements and contracts designed gradually to
increase the quantities and the number of titles of newspapers
and publications imported from the other participating States.
These agreements and contracts should in particular mention the
speediest conditions of delivery and the use of the normal
channels existing in each country for the distribution of its own
publications and newspapers, as well as forms and means of
payment agreed between the parties making it possible to achieve
the objectives aimed at by these agreements and contracts;
...
... they will encourage their competent firms and organizations
to conclude agreements and contracts designed gradually to
increase the quantities and the number of titles of newspapers
and publications imported from the other participating States.
These agreements and contracts should in particular mention the
speediest conditions of delivery and the use of the normal
channels existing in each country for the distribution of its own
publications and newspapers, as well as forms and means of
payment agreed between the parties making it possible to achieve
the objectives aimed at by these agreements and contracts;
...
... where necessary, they will take appropriate measures to
achieve the above objectives and to implement the provisions
contained in the agreements and contracts.
...
PAGE: (iii) Filmed and Broadcast Information [go to this PAGE]
... they will encourage the wider showing and broadcasting of a
greater variety of recorded and filmed information from the other
participating States, illustrating the various aspects of life in
their countries and received on the basis of such agreements or
arrangements as may be necessary between the organizations and
firms directly concerned;
...
PAGE: (b) Co-operation in the Field of Information [go to this PAGE]
... To encourage co-operation in the field of information on the
basis of short or long term agreements or arrangements. In
particular: ...
PAGE: Extension of Relations [go to this PAGE]
... concluding, where appropriate, agreements on a bilateral or
multilateral basis, providing for the extension of relations
among competent State institutions and non-governmental
organizations in the field of culture, as well as among people
engaged in cultural activities, taking into account the need both
for flexibility and the fullest possible use of existing
agreements, and bearing in mind that agreements and also other
arrangements constitute important means of developing cultural
co-operation and exchanges;
...
... concluding, where appropriate, agreements on a bilateral or
multilateral basis, providing for the extension of relations
among competent State institutions and non-governmental
organizations in the field of culture, as well as among people
engaged in cultural activities, taking into account the need both
for flexibility and the fullest possible use of existing
agreements, and bearing in mind that agreements and also other
arrangements constitute important means of developing cultural
co-operation and exchanges;
...
... concluding, where appropriate, agreements on a bilateral or
multilateral basis, providing for the extension of relations
among competent State institutions and non-governmental
organizations in the field of culture, as well as among people
engaged in cultural activities, taking into account the need both
for flexibility and the fullest possible use of existing
agreements, and bearing in mind that agreements and also other
arrangements constitute important means of developing cultural
co-operation and exchanges;
...
... contributing to the development of direct communication and
co-operation among relevant State institutions and non-
governmental organizations, including, where necessary, such
communication and co-operation carried out on the basis of
special agreements and arrangements;
...
... encouraging direct contacts and communications among persons
engaged in cultural activities, including, where necessary, such
contacts and communications carried out on the basis of special
agreements and arrangements.
...
PAGE: Exchanges and Dissemination [go to this PAGE]
... endeavouring to ensure the full and effective application of
the international agreements and conventions on copyrights and on
circulation of cultural property to which they are party or to
which they may decide in the future to become party.
...
PAGE: Access [go to this PAGE]
... recommending that, in determining the size of editions,
publishing houses take into account also the demand from the
other participating States, and that rights of sale in other
participating States be granted, where possible, to several
sales organizations of the importing countries, by agreement
between interested partners;
...
... encouraging competent organizations and relevant firms to
conclude agreements and contracts and contributing, by this
means, to a gradual increase in the number and diversity of
works by authors from the other participating States
available in the original and in translation in their
libraries and bookshops;
...
... promoting, where deemed appropriate, an increase in the
number of sales outlets where books by authors from the
other participating States, imported in the original on the
basis of agreements and contracts, and in translation, are
for sale;
...
... to envisage other appropriate measures which would permit,
where necessary by mutual agreement among interested parties, the
facilitation of access to their respective cultural achievements,
in particular in the field of books;
...
PAGE: Contacts and Co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... promote for persons active in the field of culture, travel
and meetings including, where necessary, those carried out on the
basis of agreements, contracts or other special arrangements and
which are relevant to their cultural co-operation;
...
PAGE: Fields and Forms of Co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... To encourage the search for new fields and forms of cultural
co-operation, to these ends contributing to the conclusion among
interested parties, where necessary, of appropriate agreements
and arrangements, and in this context to promote: ...
PAGE: (a) Extension of Relations [go to this PAGE]
... concluding, where appropriate, bilateral or multilateral
agreements providing for co-operation and exchanges among State
institutions, non-governmental bodies and persons engaged in
activities in education and science, bearing in mind the need
both for flexibility and the fuller use of existing agreements
and arrangements;
...
... concluding, where appropriate, bilateral or multilateral
agreements providing for co-operation and exchanges among State
institutions, non-governmental bodies and persons engaged in
activities in education and science, bearing in mind the need
both for flexibility and the fuller use of existing agreements
and arrangements;
...
... promoting the conclusion of direct arrangements between
universities and other institutions of higher education and
research, in the framework of agreements between governments
where appropriate;
...
... encouraging among persons engaged in education and science
direct contacts and communications, including those based on
special agreements or arrangements where these are appropriate.
...
PAGE: (b) Access and Exchanges [go to this PAGE]
... promoting a more exact assessment of the problems of
comparison and equivalence of academic degrees and diplomas by
fostering the exchange of information on the organization,
duration and content of studies, the comparison of methods of
assessing levels of knowledge, and academic qualifications, and,
where feasible, arriving at the mutual recognition of academic
degrees and diplomas either through governmental agreements,
where necessary, or direct arrangements between universities and
other institutions of higher learning and research;
...
PAGE: (c) Science [go to this PAGE]
... inviting scientific institutions and universities to keep
each other more fully and regularly informed about their current
and contemplated research work in fields of common interest.
To facilitate the extension of communications and direct
contacts between universities, scientific institutions and
associations as well as among scientists and research workers,
including those based where necessary on special agreements or
arrangements, by such means as:
...