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... The Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, which
opened at Helsinki on 3 July 1973 and continued at Geneva from 18
September 1973 to 21 July 1975, was concluded at Helsinki on 1
August 1975 by the High Representatives of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland,
France, the German Democratic Republic, the Federal Republic of
Germany, Greece, the Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the
United Kingdom, the United States of America and Yugoslavia. ...
... During the opening and closing stages of the Conference the
participants were addressed by the Secretary-General of the
United Nations as their guest of honour. The Director-General of
UNESCO and the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe addressed the Conference during its second
stage. ...
... During the opening and closing stages of the Conference the
participants were addressed by the Secretary-General of the
United Nations as their guest of honour. The Director-General of
UNESCO and the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe addressed the Conference during its second
stage. ...
... During the meetings of the second stage of the Conference,
contributions were received, and statements heard, from the
following non-participating Mediterranean States on various
agenda items: the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, the
Arab Republic of Egypt, Israel, the Kingdom of Morocco, the
Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia. ...
... Determined, in consequence, to give full effect to the
results of the Conference and to assure, among their States and
throughout Europe, the benefits deriving from those results and
thus to broaden, deepen and make continuing and lasting the
process of détente, ...
PAGE: Questions relating to Security in Europe [go to this PAGE]
... Convinced of the need to exert efforts to make détente both
a continuing and an increasingly viable and comprehensive
process, universal in scope, and that the implementation of the
results of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe
will be a major contribution to this process; ...
... Considering that solidarity among peoples, as well as the
common purpose of the participating States in achieving the aims
as set forth by the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe, should lead to the development of better and closer
relations among them in all fields and thus to overcoming the
confrontation stemming from the character of their past
relations, and to better mutual understanding; ...
PAGE: IX. Co-operation among States [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States will develop their co-operation
with one another and with all States in all fields in accordance
with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations. In developing their co-operation the participating
States will place special emphasis on the fields as set forth
within the framework of the Conference on Security and Co-
operation in Europe, with each of them making its contribution in
conditions of full equality. ...
PAGE: X. Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under international law [go to this PAGE]
... In exercising their sovereign rights, including the right to
determine their laws and regulations, they will conform with
their legal obligations under international law; they will
furthermore pay due regard to and implement the provisions in the
Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe. ...
PAGE: (b) Matters related to giving effect to certain of the above Principles (i) (ii) [go to this PAGE]
... Are resolved to pursue the examination and elaboration of a
generally acceptable method for the peaceful settlement of
disputes aimed at complementing existing methods, and to continue
to this end to work upon the "Draft Convention on a European
System for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes" submitted by
Switzerland during the second stage of the Conference on Security
and Co-operation in Europe, as well as other proposals relating
to it and directed towards the elaboration of such a method.
...
... Decide that, on the invitation of Switzerland, a meeting of
experts of all the participating States will be convoked in order
to fulfil the mandate described in paragraph 1 above within the
framework and under the procedures of the follow-up to the
Conference laid down in the chapter "Follow-up to the
Conference".
...
... Decide that, on the invitation of Switzerland, a meeting of
experts of all the participating States will be convoked in order
to fulfil the mandate described in paragraph 1 above within the
framework and under the procedures of the follow-up to the
Conference laid down in the chapter "Follow-up to the
Conference".
...
... This meeting of experts will take place after the meeting of
the representatives appointed by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs
of the participating States, scheduled according to the chapter
"Follow-up to the Conference" for 1977; the results of the work
of this meeting of experts will be submitted to Governments.
...
PAGE: I Prior notification of major military manoeuvres Prior notification of other military manoeuvres Exchange of observers
Prior notification of major military movements Other confidence-building measures [go to this PAGE]
... In the same spirit, further consideration will be given by
the States participating in the Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe to the question of prior notification of
major military movements, bearing in mind, in particular, the
experience gained by the implementation of the measures which are
set forth in this document. ...
PAGE: III General considerations [go to this PAGE]
... Respect for the security interests of all States
participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe inherent in their sovereign equality;
...
... The importance that participants in negotiating fora see to
it that information about relevant developments, progress and
results is provided on an appropriate basis to other States
participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe and, in return, the justified interest of any of those
States in having their views considered.
...
PAGE: Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Having taken into account the work already undertaken by
relevant international organizations and wishing to take
advantage of the possibilities offered by these organizations, in
particular by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,
for giving effect to the provisions of the final documents of the
Conference, ...
PAGE: 2. Industrial co-operation and projects of common interest Industrial co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... note that the provisions adopted by the Conference relating
to business contacts in the economic and commercial fields also
apply to foreign organizations, enterprises and firms engaged in
industrial co-operation, taking into account the specific
conditions of this co-operation, and will endeavour to ensure, in
particular, the existence of appropriate working conditions for
personnel engaged in the implementation of co-operation projects; ...
PAGE: Projects of common interest [go to this PAGE]
... Noting that the provisions adopted by the Conference
relating to industrial co-operation are also applicable to
projects of common interest, ...
PAGE: Possibilities for improving co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... the expeditious implementation and improvement in
organization, including programmes, of international visits of
scientists and specialists in connexion with exchanges,
conferences and co-operation;
...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... holding of international and national conferences, symposia,
seminars, courses and other meetings of a scientific and
technological character, which would include the participation of
foreign scientists and technologists;
...
... in the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, study
of possibilities for expanding multilateral co-operation, taking
into account models for projects and research used in various
international organizations; and for sponsoring conferences,
symposia, and study and working groups such as those which would
bring together younger scientists and technologists with eminent
specialists in their field;
...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
PAGE: Promotion of tourism [go to this PAGE]
... dealing in a positive spirit with questions connected with
the allocation of financial means for tourist travel abroad,
having regard to their economic possibilities, as well as with
those connected with the formalities required for such travel,
taking into account other provisions on tourism adopted by the
Conference;
...
PAGE: Questions relating to Security and Co-operation in the Mediterranean [go to this PAGE]
... Noting with appreciation the interest expressed by the non-
participating Mediterranean States in the Conference since its
inception, and having duly taken their contributions into
account, ...
PAGE: (ii) Printed Information [go to this PAGE]
... they will facilitate the availability of these periodical
publications during congresses, conferences, official visits and
other international events and to tourists during the season,
...
PAGE: (iii) Filmed and Broadcast Information [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States note the expansion in the
dissemination of information broadcast by radio, and express the
hope for the continuation of this process, so as to meet the
interest of mutual understanding among peoples and the aims set
forth by this Conference. ...
PAGE: 3. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Culture [go to this PAGE]
... Confirming the conclusions already formulated in this field
at the multilateral level, particularly at the Intergovernmental
Conference on Cultural Policies in Europe, organized by UNESCO in
Helsinki in June 1972, where interest was manifested in the
active participation of the broadest possible social groups in an
increasingly diversified cultural life, ...
PAGE: (c) Science [go to this PAGE]
... assisting the organization and successful functioning of
international conferences and seminars and participation in them
by their scientists and research workers;
...
PAGE: Follow-up to the Conference [go to this PAGE]
... Follow-up to the Conference ...
... Having considered and evaluated the progress made at the
Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, ...
... Considering further that, within the broader context of the
world, the Conference is an important part of the process of
improving security and developing co-operation in Europe and that
its results will contribute significantly to this process, ...
... Intending to implement the provisions of the Final Act of
the Conference in order to give full effect to its results and
thus to further the process of improving security and developing
co-operation in Europe, ...
... Convinced that, in order to achieve the aims sought by the
Conference, they should make further unilateral, bilateral and
multilateral efforts and continue, in the appropriate forms set
forth below, the multilateral process initiated by the
Conference, ...
... Convinced that, in order to achieve the aims sought by the
Conference, they should make further unilateral, bilateral and
multilateral efforts and continue, in the appropriate forms set
forth below, the multilateral process initiated by the
Conference, ...
... 1. Declare their resolve, in the period following the
Conference, to pay due regard to and implement the provisions of
the Final Act of the Conference:
- (a) unilaterally, in all cases which lend themselves to such action;
- (b) bilaterally, by negotiations with other participating States;
- (c) multilaterally, by meetings of experts of the participating States, and also within the framework of existing international organizations, such as the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and UNESCO, with regard to educational, scientific and cultural co-operation;
... 1. Declare their resolve, in the period following the
Conference, to pay due regard to and implement the provisions of
the Final Act of the Conference:
- (a) unilaterally, in all cases which lend themselves to such action;
- (b) bilaterally, by negotiations with other participating States;
- (c) multilaterally, by meetings of experts of the participating States, and also within the framework of existing international organizations, such as the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and UNESCO, with regard to educational, scientific and cultural co-operation;
... 2. Declare furthermore their resolve to continue the
multilateral process initiated by the Conference:
- (a) by proceeding to a thorough exchange of views both on the implementation of the provisions of the Final Act and of the tasks defined by the Conference, as well as, in the context of the questions dealt with by the latter, on the deepening of their mutual relations, the improvement of security and the development of co-operation in Europe, and the development of the process of détente in the future;
- (b) by organizing to these ends meetings among their representatives, beginning with a meeting at the level of representatives appointed by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs. This meeting will define the appropriate modalities for the holding of other meetings which could include further similar meetings and the possibility of a new Conference;
... (a) by proceeding to a thorough exchange of views both on the
implementation of the provisions of the Final Act and of the
tasks defined by the Conference, as well as, in the context of
the questions dealt with by the latter, on the deepening of their
mutual relations, the improvement of security and the development
of co-operation in Europe, and the development of the process of
détente in the future;
...
... (b) by organizing to these ends meetings among their
representatives, beginning with a meeting at the level of
representatives appointed by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs.
This meeting will define the appropriate modalities for the
holding of other meetings which could include further similar
meetings and the possibility of a new Conference;
...
... 4. The rules of procedure, the working methods and the scale of
distribution for the expenses of the Conference will, mutatis
mutandis, be applied to the meetings envisaged in paragraphs 1
(c), 2 and 3 above. All the above-mentioned meetings will be held
in the participating States in rotation. The services of a
technical secretariat will be provided by the host country.
...
... Wherefore, the undersigned High Representatives of the
participating States, mindful of the high political significance
which they attach to the results of the Conference, and declaring
their determination to act in accordance with the provisions
contained in the above texts, have subscribed their signatures
below: ...