 |
Law-ref.org | Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe - Final Act - Helsinki 1975 |
Site search
Sister sites
field [Global Index]
PAGE: Questions relating to Security in Europe [go to this PAGE]
... Considering that solidarity among peoples, as well as the
common purpose of the participating States in achieving the aims
as set forth by the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe, should lead to the development of better and closer
relations among them in all fields and thus to overcoming the
confrontation stemming from the character of their past
relations, and to better mutual understanding; ...
PAGE: VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief
[go to this PAGE]
... They confirm the right of the individual to know and act
upon his rights and duties in this field. ...
... In the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the
participating States will act in conformity with the purposes and
principles of the Charter of the United Nations and with the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They will also fulfil
their obligations as set forth in the international declarations
and agreements in this field, including inter alia the
International Covenants on Human Rights, by which they may be
bound. ...
... In the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the
participating States will act in conformity with the purposes and
principles of the Charter of the United Nations and with the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They will also fulfil
their obligations as set forth in the international declarations
and agreements in this field, including inter alia the
International Covenants on Human Rights, by which they may be
bound. ...
PAGE: IX. Co-operation among States [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States will develop their co-operation
with one another and with all States in all fields in accordance
with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations. In developing their co-operation the participating
States will place special emphasis on the fields as set forth
within the framework of the Conference on Security and Co-
operation in Europe, with each of them making its contribution in
conditions of full equality. ...
... The participating States will develop their co-operation
with one another and with all States in all fields in accordance
with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations. In developing their co-operation the participating
States will place special emphasis on the fields as set forth
within the framework of the Conference on Security and Co-
operation in Europe, with each of them making its contribution in
conditions of full equality. ...
... They will endeavour, in developing their co-operation as
equals, to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly
and good-neighbourly relations among themselves, international
peace, security and justice. They will equally endeavour, in
developing their co-operation, to improve the well-being of
peoples and contribute to the fulfilment of their aspirations
through, inter alia, the benefits resulting from increased mutual
knowledge and from progress and achievement in the economic,
scientific, technological, social, cultural and humanitarian
fields. They will take steps to promote conditions favourable to
making these benefits available to all; they will take into
account the interest of all in the narrowing of differences in
the levels of economic development, and in particular the
interest of developing countries throughout the world. ...
PAGE: X. Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under international law [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States express the conviction that respect
for these principles will encourage the development of normal and
friendly relations and the progress of co-operation among them in
all fields. They also express the conviction that respect for
these principles will encourage the development of political
contacts among them which in time would contribute to better
mutual understanding of their positions and views. ...
PAGE: II Questions relating to disarmament [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States recognize the interest of all of
them in efforts aimed at lessening military confrontation and
promoting disarmament which are designed to complement political
détente in Europe and to strengthen their security. They are
convinced of the necessity to take effective measures in these
fields which by their scope and by their nature constitute steps
towards the ultimate achievement of general and complete
disarmament under strict and effective international control, and
which should result in strengthening peace and security
throughout the world. ...
PAGE: Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Convinced that their efforts to develop co-operation in the
fields of trade, industry, science and technology, the
environment and other areas of economic activity contribute to
the reinforcement of peace and security in Europe and in the
world as a whole, ...
... Recognizing that co-operation in these fields would promote
economic and social progress and the improvement of the
conditions of life, ...
... Considering that the guidelines and concrete recommendations
contained in the following texts are aimed at promoting further
development of their mutual economic relations, and convinced
that their co-operation in this field should take place in full
respect for the principles guiding relations among participating
States as set forth in the relevant document, ...
PAGE: 1. Commercial Exchanges General provisions [go to this PAGE]
... consider that their trade in various products should be
conducted in such a way as not to cause or threaten to cause
serious injury - and should the situation arise, market
disruption - in domestic markets for these products and in
particular to the detriment of domestic producers of like or
directly competitive products; as regards the concept of market
disruption, it is understood that it should not be invoked in a
way inconsistent with the relevant provisions of their
international agreements; if they resort to safeguard measures,
they will do so in conformity with their commitments in this
field arising from international agreements to which they are
parties and will take account of the interests of the parties
directly concerned; ...
PAGE: Marketing [go to this PAGE]
... will encourage international co-operation in the field of
trade promotion, including marketing, and the work undertaken on
these subjects within the international bodies, in particular the
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. ...
PAGE: 2. Industrial co-operation and projects of common interest Industrial co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... note that the provisions adopted by the Conference relating
to business contacts in the economic and commercial fields also
apply to foreign organizations, enterprises and firms engaged in
industrial co-operation, taking into account the specific
conditions of this co-operation, and will endeavour to ensure, in
particular, the existence of appropriate working conditions for
personnel engaged in the implementation of co-operation projects; ...
... recommend further the continued examination - for example
within the framework of the United Nations Economic Commission
for Europe - of means of improving the provision of information
to those concerned on general conditions of industrial co-
operation and guidance on the preparation of contracts in this
field; ...
PAGE: Projects of common interest [go to this PAGE]
... regard it as necessary to encourage, where appropriate, the
investigation by competent and interested organizations,
enterprises and firms of the possibilities for the carrying out
of projects of common interest in the fields of energy resources
and of the exploitation of raw materials, as well as of transport
and communications; ...
... consider that the fields of energy resources, in particular,
petroleum, natural gas and coal, and the extraction and
processing of mineral raw materials, in particular, iron ore and
bauxite, are suitable ones for strengthening long-term economic
co-operation and for the development of trade which could result; ...
... consider that possibilities for projects of common interest
with a view to long-term economic co-operation also exist in the
following fields: ...
... co-operation in research for new sources of energy and, in
particular, in the field of nuclear energy;
...
PAGE: 3. Provisions concerning trade and industrial co-operation Harmonization of standards [go to this PAGE]
... Recognizing the development of international harmonization
of standards and technical regulations and of international co-
operation in the field of certification as an important means of
eliminating technical obstacles to international trade and
industrial co-operation, thereby facilitating their development
and increasing productivity, ...
... consider it desirable to increase international co-operation
on standardization, in particular by supporting the activities of
intergovernmental and other appropriate organizations in this
field. ...
PAGE: Arbitration [go to this PAGE]
... recommend that the provisions on arbitration should provide
for arbitration under a mutually acceptable set of arbitration
rules, and permit arbitration in a third country, taking into
account existing intergovernmental and other agreements in this
field. ...
PAGE: Specific bilateral arrangements [go to this PAGE]
... will consider favourably the conclusion, in appropriate
cases, of specific bilateral agreements concerning various
problems of mutual interest in the fields of commercial exchanges
and industrial co-operation, in particular with a view to
avoiding double taxation and to facilitating the transfer of
profits and the return of the value of the assets invested. ...
PAGE: 4. Science and technology [go to this PAGE]
... Considering that in developing such co-operation, it is
important to promote the sharing of information and experience,
facilitating the study and transfer of scientific and
technological achievements, as well as the access to such
achievements on a mutually advantageous basis and in fields of
co-operation agreed between interested parties, ...
PAGE: Possibilities for improving co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... the wider use of commercial channels and activities for
applied scientific and technological research and for the
transfer of achievements obtained in this field while providing
information on and protection of intellectual and industrial
property rights;
...
PAGE: Fields of co-operation Agriculture Energy New technologies, rational use of resources Transport technology Physics Chemistry
Meteorology and hydrology Oceanography Seismological research Research on glaciology, permafrost and problems of life under
conditions of cold Computer, communication and information technologies Space research Medicine and public health Environmental
research [go to this PAGE]
... Fields of co-operation ...
... New technologies of production, transport and distribution
of energy aimed at improving the use of existing fuels and
sources of hydroenergy, as well as research in the field of new
energy sources, including nuclear, solar and geothermal energy; ...
... Study of problems in high energy physics and plasma physics;
research in the field of theoretical and experimental nuclear
physics; ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... use of commercial channels and methods for identifying and
transferring technological and scientific developments, including
the conclusion of mutually beneficial co-operation arrangements
between firms and enterprises in fields agreed upon between them
and for carrying out, where appropriate, joint research and
development programmes and projects;
...
... recommend that, in developing co-operation in the field of
science and technology, full use be made of existing practices of
bilateral and multilateral co-operation, including that of a
regional or sub-regional character, together with the forms and
methods of co-operation described in this document; ...
... recommend further that more effective utilization be made of
the possibilities and capabilities of existing international
organizations, intergovernmental and non-governmental, concerned
with science and technology, for improving exchanges of
information and experience, as well as for developing other forms
of co-operation in fields of common interest, for example: ...
... in the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, study
of possibilities for expanding multilateral co-operation, taking
into account models for projects and research used in various
international organizations; and for sponsoring conferences,
symposia, and study and working groups such as those which would
bring together younger scientists and technologists with eminent
specialists in their field;
...
PAGE: Aims of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... to increase the effectiveness of national and international
measures for the protection of the environment, by the comparison
and, if appropriate, the harmonization of methods of gathering
and analyzing facts, by improving the knowledge of pollution
phenomena and rational utilization of natural resources, by the
exchange of information, by the harmonization of definitions and
the adoption, as far as possible, of a common terminology in the
field of the environment;
...
PAGE: Fields of co-operation Control of air pollution Water pollution control and fresh water utilization Protection of the marine
environment Land utilization and soils Nature conservation and nature reserves Improvement of environmental conditions in
areas of human settlement Fundamental research, monitoring, forecasting and assessment of environmental changes Legal and
administrative measures [go to this PAGE]
... Fields of co-operation ...
... To attain these aims, the participating States will make use
of every suitable opportunity to co-operate in the field of
environment and, in particular, within the areas described below
as examples: ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States declare that problems relating to
the protection and improvement of the environment will be solved
on both a bilateral and a multilateral, including regional and
sub-regional, basis, making full use of existing pattern and
forms of co-operation. They will develop co-operation in the
field of the environment in particular by taking into
consideration the Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment,
relevant resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly and
the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Prague sym-
posium on environmental problems. ...
... The participating States are resolved that co-operation in
the field of the environment will be implemented in particular
through: ...
PAGE: 6. Co-operation in other areas Development of transport [go to this PAGE]
... note that the speed of technical progress in the various
fields of transport makes desirable a development of co-operation
and an increase in exchanges of information among them; ...
... declare themselves in favour of a simplification and a
harmonization of administrative formalities in the field of
international transport, in particular at frontiers; ...
... express the desire for intensification of the work being
carried out by existing international organizations in the field
of transport, especially that of the Inland Transport Committee
of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, and express
their intention to contribute thereto by their efforts; ...
... consider that examination by the participating States of the
possibility of their accession to the different conventions or to
membership of international organizations specializing in
transport matters, as well as their efforts to implement
conventions when ratified, could contribute to the strengthening
of their co-operation in this field. ...
PAGE: Promotion of tourism [go to this PAGE]
... Aware of the contribution made by international tourism to
the development of mutual understanding among peoples, to
increased knowledge of other countries' achievements in various
fields, as well as to economic, social and cultural progress, ...
... examining the possibilities of exchanging specialists and
students in the field of tourism, with a view to improving their
qualifications;
...
... will pursue their co-operation in the field of tourism
bilaterally and multilaterally with a view to attaining the above
objectives. ...
PAGE: Training of personnel [go to this PAGE]
... declare themselves willing to encourage co-operation in this
field notably by promoting exchange of information on the subject
of institutions, programmes and methods of training and advanced
training open to professional staff and technicians in the
various sectors of economic activity and especially in those of
management, public planning, agriculture and commercial and
banking techniques; ...
PAGE: Questions relating to Security and Co-operation in the Mediterranean [go to this PAGE]
... to encourage with the non-participating Mediterranean States
the development of mutually beneficial co-operation in the
various fields of economic activity, especially by expanding
commercial exchanges, on the basis of a common awareness of the
necessity for stability and progress in trade relations, of their
mutual economic interests, and of differences in the levels of
economic development, thereby promoting their economic
advancement and well-being;
...
... to promote further contacts and co-operation with the non-
participating Mediterranean States in other relevant fields.
...
PAGE: Co-operation in Humanitarian and Other Fields [go to this PAGE]
... Determined therefore to co-operate among themselves,
irrespective of their political, economic and social systems, in
order to create better conditions in the above fields, to develop
and strengthen existing forms of co-operation and to work out new
ways and means appropriate to these aims, ...
PAGE: 1. Human Contacts [go to this PAGE]
... Desiring in this spirit to develop, with the continuance of
détente, further efforts to achieve continuing progress in this
field ...
PAGE: (b) Reunification of Families [go to this PAGE]
... They will deal with applications in this field as
expeditiously as possible ...
PAGE: (d) Travel for Personal or Professional Reasons [go to this PAGE]
... They confirm that religious faiths, institutions and
organizations, practising within the constitutional framework of
the participating States, and their representatives can, in the
field of their activities, have contacts and meetings among
themselves and exchange information. ...
PAGE: (g) Sport [go to this PAGE]
... In order to expand existing links and co-operation in the
field of sport the participating States will encourage contacts
and exchanges of this kind, including sports meetings and
competitions of all sorts, on the basis of the established
international rules, regulations and practice. ...
PAGE: 2. Information [go to this PAGE]
... Desiring, with the development of mutual understanding
between the participating States and with the further improvement
of their relations, to continue further efforts towards progress
in this field, ...
... Emphasizing therefore the essential and influential role of
the press, radio, television, cinema and news agencies and of the
journalists working in these fields, ...
... Make it their aim to facilitate the freer and wider
dissemination of information of all kinds, to encourage co-
operation in the field of information and the exchange of
information with other countries, and to improve the conditions
under which journalists from one participating State exercise
their profession in another participating State, and ...
PAGE: (b) Co-operation in the Field of Information [go to this PAGE]
... To encourage co-operation in the field of information on the
basis of short or long term agreements or arrangements. In
particular: ...
... they will encourage the exchange of technical information as
well as the organization of joint research and meetings devoted
to the exchange of experience and views between experts in the
field of the press, radio and television.
...
PAGE: 3. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Culture [go to this PAGE]
... Confirming the conclusions already formulated in this field
at the multilateral level, particularly at the Intergovernmental
Conference on Cultural Policies in Europe, organized by UNESCO in
Helsinki in June 1972, where interest was manifested in the
active participation of the broadest possible social groups in an
increasingly diversified cultural life, ...
... Desiring, with the development of mutual confidence and the
further improvement of relations between the participating
States, to continue further efforts toward progress in this
field, ...
... Disposed in this spirit to increase substantially their
cultural exchanges, with regard both to persons and to cultural
works, and to develop among them an active co-operation, both at
the bilateral and the multilateral level, in all the fields of
culture, ...
PAGE: Extension of Relations [go to this PAGE]
... To expand and improve at the various levels co-operation and
links in the field of culture, in particular by: ...
... concluding, where appropriate, agreements on a bilateral or
multilateral basis, providing for the extension of relations
among competent State institutions and non-governmental
organizations in the field of culture, as well as among people
engaged in cultural activities, taking into account the need both
for flexibility and the fullest possible use of existing
agreements, and bearing in mind that agreements and also other
arrangements constitute important means of developing cultural
co-operation and exchanges;
...
PAGE: Mutual Knowledge [go to this PAGE]
... Within their competence to adopt, on a bilateral and
multilateral level, appropriate measures which would give their
peoples a more comprehensive and complete mutual knowledge of
their achievements in the various fields of culture, and among
them: ...
... to examine jointly questions of expanding and improving
exchanges of information in the various fields of culture, such
as theatre, music, library work as well as the conservation and
restoration of cultural property.
...
PAGE: Exchanges and Dissemination [go to this PAGE]
... encouraging meetings among representatives of competent
organizations and relevant firms to examine measures within their
field of activity - such as the simplification of orders, time
limits for sending supplies and modalities of payment - which
might facilitate international commercial exchanges of books;
...
... encouraging the exchange of information among interested
parties concerning events of a cultural character foreseen in the
participating States, in fields where this is most appropriate,
such as music, theatre and the plastic and graphic arts, with a
view to contributing to the compilation and publication of a
calendar of such events, with the assistance, where necessary, of
the appropriate international organizations;
...
PAGE: Access [go to this PAGE]
... To promote fuller mutual access by all to the achievements -
works, experiences and performing arts - in the various fields of
culture of their countries, and to that end to make the best
possible efforts, in accordance with their competence, more
particularly: ...
... promoting, on a wider scale, the translation of works in the
sphere of literature and other fields of cultural activity,
produced in the languages of the other participating States,
especially from the less widely-spoken languages, and the
publication and dissemination of the translated works by
such measures as:
- encouraging more regular contacts between interested publishing houses;
- developing their efforts in the basic and advanced training of translators;
- encouraging, by appropriate means, the publishing houses of their countries to publish translations;
- facilitating the exchange between publishers and interested institutions of lists of books which might be translated;
- promoting between their countries the professional activity and co-operation of translators;
- carrying out joint studies on ways of further promoting translations and their dissemination;
... to envisage other appropriate measures which would permit,
where necessary by mutual agreement among interested parties, the
facilitation of access to their respective cultural achievements,
in particular in the field of books;
...
PAGE: Contacts and Co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... To contribute, by appropriate means, to the development of
contacts and co-operation in the various fields of culture,
especially among creative artists and people engaged in cultural
activities, in particular by making efforts to: ...
... promote for persons active in the field of culture, travel
and meetings including, where necessary, those carried out on the
basis of agreements, contracts or other special arrangements and
which are relevant to their cultural co-operation;
...
... encourage, where necessary through appropriate arrangements,
exchanges of trainee and specialists and the granting of
scholarships for basic and advanced training in various fields of
culture such as the arts and architecture, museums and libraries,
literary studies and translation, and contribute to the creation
of favourable conditions of reception in their respective
institutions;
...
... encourage the exchange of experience in the training of
organizers of cultural activities as well as of teachers and
specialists in fields such as theatre, opera, ballet, music and
fine arts;
...
... study other possibilities for developing exchanges and co-
operation among persons active in the field of culture, with a
view to a better mutual knowledge of the cultural fife of the
participating States.
...
PAGE: Fields and Forms of Co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... Fields and Forms of Co-operation ...
... To encourage the search for new fields and forms of cultural
co-operation, to these ends contributing to the conclusion among
interested parties, where necessary, of appropriate agreements
and arrangements, and in this context to promote: ...
... international events in the fields of the plastic and
graphic arts, cinema, theatre, ballet, music, folklore,
etc.; book fairs and exhibitions, joint performances of
operatic and dramatic works, as well as performances given
by soloists,
...
... the co-production and the exchange of films and of radio and
television programmes, by promoting, in particular, meetings
among producers, technicians and representatives of the
public authorities with a view to working out favourable
conditions for the execution of specific joint projects and
by encouraging, in the field of co-production, the
establishment of international filming teams;
...
... the implementation of joint projects for conserving,
restoring and showing to advantage works of art, historical
and archaeological monuments and sites of cultural interest,
with the help, in appropriate cases, of international
organizations of a governmental or non-governmental
character as well as of private institutions - competent and
active in these fields - envisaging for this purpose:
- periodic meetings of experts of the interested parties to elaborate the necessary proposals, while bearing in mind the need to consider these questions in a wider social and economic context;
- the publication in appropriate periodicals of articles designed to make known and to compare, among the participating States, the most significant achievements and innovations;
- a joint study with a view to the improvement and possible harmonization of the different systems used to inventory and catalogue the historical monuments and places of cultural interest in their countries;
- the study of the possibilities for organizing international courses for the training of specialists in different disciplines relating to restoration.
... National minorities or regional cultures. The
participating States, recognizing the contribution that national minorities
or regional cultures can make to co-operation among them in various
fields of culture, intend, when such minorities or cultures exist
within their territory, to facilitate this contribution, taking
into account the legitimate interests of their members. ...
PAGE: 4. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Education [go to this PAGE]
... Conscious that the development of relations of an
international character in the fields of education and science
contributes to a better mutual understanding and is to the
advantage of all peoples as well as to the benefit of future
generations, ...
... Convinced that progress in these fields should be
accompanied and supported by a wider knowledge of foreign
languages, ...
PAGE: (a) Extension of Relations [go to this PAGE]
... To expand and improve at the various levels co-operation and
links in the fields of education and science, in particular by: ...
PAGE: (c) Science [go to this PAGE]
... Within their competence to broaden and improve co-operation
and exchanges in the field of science, in particular: ...
... broadening and facilitating the exchange of samples and
other scientific materials used particularly for fundamental
research in the fields of natural sciences and medicine;
...
... inviting scientific institutions and universities to keep
each other more fully and regularly informed about their current
and contemplated research work in fields of common interest.
To facilitate the extension of communications and direct
contacts between universities, scientific institutions and
associations as well as among scientists and research workers,
including those based where necessary on special agreements or
arrangements, by such means as:
...
... To develop in the field of scientific research, on a
bilateral or multilateral basis, the co-ordination of programmes
carried out in the participating States and the organization of
joint programmes, especially in the areas mentioned below, which
may involve the combined efforts of scientists and in certain
cases the use of costly or unique equipment. The list of subjects
in these areas is illustrative; and specific projects would have
to be determined subsequently by the potential partners in the
participating States, taking account of the contribution which
could be made by appropriate international organizations and
scientific institutions: ...
... exact and natural sciences, in particular fundamental
research in such fields as mathematics, physics, theoretical
physics, geophysics, chemistry, biology, ecology and astronomy;
...
PAGE: (d) Foreign Languages and Civilizations [go to this PAGE]
... to encourage co-operation among experts in the field of
lexicography with the aim of defining the necessary
terminological equivalents, particularly in the scientific and
technical disciplines, in order to facilitate relations among
scientific institutions and specialists;
...
PAGE: (e) Teaching Methods [go to this PAGE]
... further developing various forms of contacts and co-
operation in the different fields of pedagogical science, for
example through comparative or joint studies carried out by
interested institutions or through exchanges of information on
the results of teaching experiments;
...
... encouraging exchanges of teaching materials - including
school textbooks, having in mind the possibility of promoting
mutual knowledge and facilitating the presentation of each
country in such books - as well as exchanges of information on
technical innovations in the field of education.
...
... National minorities or regional cultures. The participating
States, recognizing the contribution that national minorities or
regional cultures can make to co-operation among them in various
fields of education, intend, when such minorities or cultures
exist within their territory, to facilitate this