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Law-ref.org | Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe - Final Act - Helsinki 1975 |
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PAGE: I. Sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States will respect each other's sovereign
equality and individuality as well as all the rights inherent in
and encompassed by its sovereignty, including in particular the
right of every State to juridical equality, to territorial
integrity and to freedom and political independence. They will
also respect each other's right freely to choose and develop its
political, social, economic and cultural systems as well as its
right to determine its laws and regulations. ...
... Within the framework of international law, all the
participating States have equal rights and duties. They will
respect each other's right to define and conduct as it wishes its
relations with other States in accordance with international law
and in the spirit of the present Declaration. They consider that
their frontiers can be changed, in accordance with international
law, by peaceful means and by agreement. They also have the right
to belong or not to belong to international organizations, to be
or not to be a party to bilateral or multilateral treaties
including the right to be or not to be a party to treaties of
alliance; they also have the right to neutrality. ...
PAGE: V. Peaceful settlement of disputes [go to this PAGE]
... For this purpose they will use such means as negotiation,
enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial
settlement or other peaceful means of their own choice including
any settlement procedure agreed to in advance of disputes to
which they are parties. ...
PAGE: VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief
[go to this PAGE]
... VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief ...
... The participating States will respect human rights and
fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought,
conscience, religion or belief, for all without distinction as to
race, sex, language or religion. ...
... They will constantly respect these rights and freedoms in
their mutual relations and will endeavour jointly and separately,
including in co-operation with the United Nations, to promote
universal and effective respect for them. ...
... In the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the
participating States will act in conformity with the purposes and
principles of the Charter of the United Nations and with the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They will also fulfil
their obligations as set forth in the international declarations
and agreements in this field, including inter alia the
International Covenants on Human Rights, by which they may be
bound. ...
PAGE: VIII. Equal rights and self-determination of peoples [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States will respect the equal rights of
peoples and their right to self-determination, acting at all
times in conformity with the purposes and principles of the
Charter of the United Nations and with the relevant norms of
international law, including those relating to territorial
integrity of States. ...
PAGE: X. Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under international law [go to this PAGE]
... In exercising their sovereign rights, including the right to
determine their laws and regulations, they will conform with
their legal obligations under international law; they will
furthermore pay due regard to and implement the provisions in the
Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe. ...
PAGE: I Prior notification of major military manoeuvres Prior notification of other military manoeuvres Exchange of observers
Prior notification of major military movements Other confidence-building measures [go to this PAGE]
... Notification will be given of major military manoeuvres
exceeding a total of 25,000 troops, independently or combined
with any possible air or naval components (in this context the
word "troops" includes amphibious and airborne troops). In the
case of independent manoeuvres of amphibious or airborne troops,
or of combined manoeuvres involving them, these troops will be
included in this total. Furthermore, in the case of combined
manoeuvres which do not reach the above total but which involve
land forces together with significant numbers of either
amphibious or airborne troops, or both, notification can also be
given. ...
PAGE: Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Taking into account the interests of the developing
countries throughout the world, including those among the
participating countries as long as they are developing from the
economic point of view; reaffirming their will to co-operate for
the achievement of the aims and objectives established by the
appropriate bodies of the United Nations in the pertinent
documents concerning development, it being understood that each
participating State maintains the positions it has taken on them;
giving special attention to the least developed countries, ...
PAGE: Business contacts and facilities [go to this PAGE]
... by providing the necessary information, including
information on legislation and procedures relating to the
establishment and operation of permanent representation by the
above mentioned bodies;
...
... by examining as favourably as possible requests for the
establishment of permanent representation and of offices for this
purpose, including, where appropriate, the opening of joint
offices by two or more firms;
...
PAGE: Economic and commercial information [go to this PAGE]
... foreign trade statistics drawn up on the basis of comparable
classification including breakdown by product with indication of
volume and value, as well as country of origin or destination;
...
PAGE: Marketing [go to this PAGE]
... will encourage international co-operation in the field of
trade promotion, including marketing, and the work undertaken on
these subjects within the international bodies, in particular the
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. ...
PAGE: 2. Industrial co-operation and projects of common interest Industrial co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... to improve the quality and the quantity of information
relevant to industrial co-operation, in particular the laws and
regulations, including those relating to foreign exchange,
general orientation of national economic plans and programmes as
well as programme priorities and economic conditions of the
market; and
...
... will encourage all forms of exchange of information and
communication of experience relevant to industrial co-operation,
including through contacts between potential partners and, where
appropriate, through joint commissions for economic, industrial,
scientific and technical co-operation, national and joint
chambers of commerce, and other suitable bodies; ...
... the protection of the interests of the partners in
industrial co-operation projects, including the legal protection
of the various kinds of property involved;
...
PAGE: Projects of common interest [go to this PAGE]
... Considering that their economic potential and their natural
resources permit, through common efforts, long-term co-operation
in the implementation, including at the regional or sub-regional
level, of major that these may contribute to the speeding-up of
the economic development of the countries participating therein, ...
PAGE: Arbitration [go to this PAGE]
... recommend, where appropriate, to organizations, enterprises
and firms in their countries, to include arbitration clauses in
commercial contracts and industrial co-operation contracts, or in
special agreements; ...
PAGE: 4. Science and technology [go to this PAGE]
... Affirming that such co-operation can be developed and
implemented bilaterally and multilaterally at the governmental
and non-governmental levels, for example, through
intergovernmental and other agreements, international
programmes, cooperative projects and commercial channels, while
utilizing also various forms of contacts, including direct and
individual contacts, ...
PAGE: Possibilities for improving co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... the improvement of opportunities for the exchange and
dissemination of scientific and technological information among
the parties interested in scientific and technological research
and co-operation including information related to the
organization and implementation of such co-operation;
...
... the expeditious implementation and improvement in
organization, including programmes, of international visits of
scientists and specialists in connexion with exchanges,
conferences and co-operation;
...
PAGE: Fields of co-operation Agriculture Energy New technologies, rational use of resources Transport technology Physics Chemistry
Meteorology and hydrology Oceanography Seismological research Research on glaciology, permafrost and problems of life under
conditions of cold Computer, communication and information technologies Space research Medicine and public health Environmental
research [go to this PAGE]
... New technologies of production, transport and distribution
of energy aimed at improving the use of existing fuels and
sources of hydroenergy, as well as research in the field of new
energy sources, including nuclear, solar and geothermal energy; ...
... Research on the means of transport and the technology
applied to the development and operation of international,
national and urban transport networks including container
transport as well as transport safety; ...
... Meteorological and hydrological research, including methods
of collection, evaluation and transmission of data and their
utilization for weather forecasting and hydrology forecasting; ...
... Development of computers as well as of telecommunications
and information systems; technology associated with computers and
telecommunications, including their use for management systems,
for production processes, for automation, for the study of
economic problems, in scientific research and for the collection,
processing and dissemination of information; ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... exchanges and visits as well as other direct contacts and
communications among scientists and technologists, on the basis
of mutual agreement and other arrangements, for such purposes as
consultations, lecturing and conducting research, including the
use of laboratories, scientific libraries, and other documen-
tation centres in connexion therewith;
...
... holding of international and national conferences, symposia,
seminars, courses and other meetings of a scientific and
technological character, which would include the participation of
foreign scientists and technologists;
...
... joint preparation and implementation of programmes and
projects of mutual interest on the basis of consultation and
agreement among all parties concerned, including, where possible
and appropriate, exchanges of experience and research results,
and correlation of research programmes, between scientific and
technological research institutions and organizations;
...
... use of commercial channels and methods for identifying and
transferring technological and scientific developments, including
the conclusion of mutually beneficial co-operation arrangements
between firms and enterprises in fields agreed upon between them
and for carrying out, where appropriate, joint research and
development programmes and projects;
...
... recommend that, in developing co-operation in the field of
science and technology, full use be made of existing practices of
bilateral and multilateral co-operation, including that of a
regional or sub-regional character, together with the forms and
methods of co-operation described in this document; ...
... through their participation in particular international
scientific and technological co-operation programmes, including
those of UNESCO and other international organizations, pursuit of
continuing progress towards the objectives of such programmes,
notably those of UNISIST with particular respect to information
policy guidance, technical advice, information contributions and
data processing.
...
PAGE: Fields of co-operation Control of air pollution Water pollution control and fresh water utilization Protection of the marine
environment Land utilization and soils Nature conservation and nature reserves Improvement of environmental conditions in
areas of human settlement Fundamental research, monitoring, forecasting and assessment of environmental changes Legal and
administrative measures [go to this PAGE]
... Desulphurization of fossil fuels and exhaust gases,
pollution control of heavy metals, particles, aerosols, nitrogen
oxides, in particular those emitted by transport, power stations,
and other industrial plants; systems and methods of observation
and control of air pollution and its effects, including long-
range transport of air pollutants; ...
... Problems associated with more effective use of lands,
including land amelioration, reclamation and recultivation;
control of soil pollution, water and air erosion, as well as
other forms of soil degradation; maintaining and increasing the
productivity of soils with due regard for the possible negative
effects of the application of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides; ...
... Protection of nature and nature reserves; conservation and
maintenance of existing genetic resources, especially rare animal
and plant species; conservation of natural ecological systems;
establishment of nature reserves and other protected landscapes
and areas, including their use for research, tourism, recreation
and other purposes; ...
... Environmental conditions associated with transport, housing,
working areas, urban development and planning, water supply and
sewage disposal systems; assessment of harmful effects of noise,
and noise control methods; collection, treatment and utilization
of wastes, including the recovery and recycling of materials;
research on substitutes for non-biodegradable substances; ...
... Legal and administrative measures for the protection of the
environment including procedures for establishing environmental
impact assessments. ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States declare that problems relating to
the protection and improvement of the environment will be solved
on both a bilateral and a multilateral, including regional and
sub-regional, basis, making full use of existing pattern and
forms of co-operation. They will develop co-operation in the
field of the environment in particular by taking into
consideration the Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment,
relevant resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly and
the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Prague sym-
posium on environmental problems. ...
... exchanges of scientific and technical information,
documentation and research results, including information on the
means of determining the possible effects on the environment of
technical and economic activities;
...
... promoting the progressive development, codification and
implementation of international law as one means of preserving
and enhancing the human environment, including principles and
practices, as accepted by them, relating to pollution and other
environmental damage caused by activities within the jurisdiction
or control of their States affecting other countries and regions;
...
... making wider use, in all types of co-operation, of
information already available from national and international
sources, including internationally agreed criteria, and utilizing
the possibilities and capabilities of various competent
international organizations.
...
PAGE: Promotion of tourism [go to this PAGE]
... encouraging the carrying out of joint tourist projects
including technical co-operation, particularly where this is
suggested by territorial proximity and the convergence of tourist
interests;
...
... encouraging the exchange of information, including relevant
laws and regulations, studies, data and documentation relating to
tourism, and by improving statistics with a view to facilitating
their comparability;
...
PAGE: Questions relating to Security and Co-operation in the Mediterranean [go to this PAGE]
... to intensify their efforts and their co-operation on a
bilateral and multilateral basis with the non - participating
Mediterranean States directed towards the improvement of the
environment of the Mediterranean, especially the safeguarding of
the biological resources and ecological balance of the sea, by
appropriate measures including the prevention and control of
pollution; to this end, and in view of the present situation, to
cooperate through competent international organizations and in
particular within the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP);
...
... In order to advance the objectives set forth above, the
participating States also declare their intention of maintaining
and amplifying the contacts and dialogue as initiated by the CSCE
with the non-participating Mediterranean States to include all
the States of the Mediterranean, with the purpose of contributing
to peace, reducing armed forces in the region, strengthening
security, lessening tensions in the region, and widening the
scope of co-operation, ends in which all share a common interest,
as well as with the purpose of defining further common
objectives. ...
PAGE: (d) Travel for Personal or Professional Reasons [go to this PAGE]
... They intend to consider, as necessary, means - including, in
so far as appropriate, the conclusion of multilateral or
bilateral consular conventions or other relevant agreements or
understandings - for the improvement of arrangements to provide
consular services, including legal and consular assistance. ...
... They intend to consider, as necessary, means - including, in
so far as appropriate, the conclusion of multilateral or
bilateral consular conventions or other relevant agreements or
understandings - for the improvement of arrangements to provide
consular services, including legal and consular assistance. ...
PAGE: (g) Sport [go to this PAGE]
... In order to expand existing links and co-operation in the
field of sport the participating States will encourage contacts
and exchanges of this kind, including sports meetings and
competitions of all sorts, on the basis of the established
international rules, regulations and practice. ...
PAGE: (h) Expansion of Contacts [go to this PAGE]
... By way of further developing contacts among governmental
institutions and non-governmental organizations and associations,
including women's organizations, the participating States will
facilitate the convening of meetings as well as travel by
delegations, groups and individuals. ...
PAGE: (b) Co-operation in the Field of Information [go to this PAGE]
... they will favour increased co-operation among mass media
organizations, including press agencies, as well as among
publishing houses and organizations:
...
PAGE: (c) Improvement of Working Conditions for Journalists [go to this PAGE]
... increase the opportunities for journalists of the
participating States to communicate personally with their
sources, including organizations and official institutions;
...
... enable journalists of the other participating States,
whether permanently or temporarily accredited, to transmit
completely, normally and rapidly by means recognized by the
participating States to the information organs which they
represent, the results of their professional activity, including
tape recordings and undeveloped film, for the purpose of
publication or of broadcasting on the radio or television.
...
PAGE: Extension of Relations [go to this PAGE]
... contributing to the development of direct communication and
co-operation among relevant State institutions and non-
governmental organizations, including, where necessary, such
communication and co-operation carried out on the basis of
special agreements and arrangements;
...
... encouraging direct contacts and communications among persons
engaged in cultural activities, including, where necessary, such
contacts and communications carried out on the basis of special
agreements and arrangements.
...
PAGE: Mutual Knowledge [go to this PAGE]
... to promote the systematic exchange, between the institutions
concerned and publishing houses, of catalogues of available books
as well as of pre-publication material which will include, as far
as possible, all forthcoming publications; and also to promote
the exchange of material between firms publishing encyclopaedias,
with a view to improving the presentation of each country;
...
PAGE: Contacts and Co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... promote for persons active in the field of culture, travel
and meetings including, where necessary, those carried out on the
basis of agreements, contracts or other special arrangements and
which are relevant to their cultural co-operation;
...
PAGE: Fields and Forms of Co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... instrumental ensembles, orchestras, choirs and other
artistic groups, including those composed of amateurs,
paying due attention to the organization of international
cultural youth events and the exchange of young artists;
...
PAGE: (a) Extension of Relations [go to this PAGE]
... encouraging among persons engaged in education and science
direct contacts and communications, including those based on
special agreements or arrangements where these are appropriate.
...
PAGE: (b) Access and Exchanges [go to this PAGE]
... establishing, developing or encouraging programmes providing
for the broader exchange of scholars, teachers and students,
including the organization of symposia, seminars and
collaborative projects, and the exchanges of educational and
scholarly information such as university publications and
materials from libraries;
...
PAGE: (c) Science [go to this PAGE]
... inviting scientific institutions and universities to keep
each other more fully and regularly informed about their current
and contemplated research work in fields of common interest.
To facilitate the extension of communications and direct
contacts between universities, scientific institutions and
associations as well as among scientists and research workers,
including those based where necessary on special agreements or
arrangements, by such means as:
...
PAGE: (d) Foreign Languages and Civilizations [go to this PAGE]
... to intensify co-operation aimed at improving the teaching of
foreign languages through exchanges of information and experience
concerning the development and application of effective modem
teaching methods and technical aids, adapted to the needs of
different categories of students, including methods of
accelerated teaching; and to consider the possibility of
conducting, on a bilateral or multilateral basis, studies of new
methods of foreign language teaching;
...
... to encourage the association, where appropriate, of the
teaching of foreign languages with the study of the corresponding
civilizations and also to make further efforts to stimulate
interest in the study of foreign languages, including relevant
out-of-class activities.
...
PAGE: (e) Teaching Methods [go to this PAGE]
... To promote the exchange of experience, on a bilateral or
multilateral basis, in teaching methods at all levels of
education, including those used in permanent and adult education,
as well as the exchange of teaching materials, in particular by: ...
... facilitating exchanges of experience concerning the
organization and functioning of education intended for adults and
recurrent education, the relationships between these and other
forms and levels of education, as well as concerning the means of
adapting education, including vocational and technical training,
to the needs of economic and social development in their
countries;
...
... encouraging exchanges of teaching materials - including
school textbooks, having in mind the possibility of promoting
mutual knowledge and facilitating the presentation of each
country in such books - as well as exchanges of information on
technical innovations in the field of education.
...
PAGE: Follow-up to the Conference [go to this PAGE]
... (b) by organizing to these ends meetings among their
representatives, beginning with a meeting at the level of
representatives appointed by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs.
This meeting will define the appropriate modalities for the
holding of other meetings which could include further similar
meetings and the possibility of a new Conference;
...