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Law-ref.org | Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe - Final Act - Helsinki 1975 |
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... Motivated by the political will, in the interest of peoples,
to improve and intensify their relations and to contribute in
Europe to peace, security, justice and co-operation as well as to
rapprochement among themselves and with the other States of the
world, ...
PAGE: Questions relating to Security in Europe [go to this PAGE]
... Mindful of their common history and recognizing that the
existence of elements common to their traditions and values can
assist them in developing their relations, and desiring to
search, fully taking into account the individuality and diversity
of their positions and views, for possibilities of joining their
efforts with a view to overcoming distrust and increasing
confidence, solving the problems that separate them and
cooperating in the interest of mankind; ...
... Recognizing the indivisibility of security in Europe as well
as their common interest in the development of co-operation
throughout Europe and among themselves and expressing their
intention to pursue efforts accordingly; ...
PAGE: 1. (a) Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States [go to this PAGE]
... Recognizing that this commitment, which reflects the
interest and aspirations of peoples, constitutes for each
participating State a present and future responsibility,
heightened by experience of the past; ...
PAGE: VI. Non-intervention in internal affairs [go to this PAGE]
... They will likewise in all circumstances refrain from any
other act of military, or of political, economic or other
coercion designed to subordinate to their own interest the
exercise by another participating State of the rights inherent in
its sovereignty and thus to secure advantages of any kind. ...
PAGE: VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief
[go to this PAGE]
... The participating States on whose territory national
minorities exist will respect the right of persons belonging to
such minorities to equality before the law, will afford them the
full opportunity for the actual enjoyment of human rights and
fundamental freedoms and will, in this manner, protect their
legitimate interests in this sphere. ...
PAGE: IX. Co-operation among States [go to this PAGE]
... They will endeavour, in developing their co-operation as
equals, to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly
and good-neighbourly relations among themselves, international
peace, security and justice. They will equally endeavour, in
developing their co-operation, to improve the well-being of
peoples and contribute to the fulfilment of their aspirations
through, inter alia, the benefits resulting from increased mutual
knowledge and from progress and achievement in the economic,
scientific, technological, social, cultural and humanitarian
fields. They will take steps to promote conditions favourable to
making these benefits available to all; they will take into
account the interest of all in the narrowing of differences in
the levels of economic development, and in particular the
interest of developing countries throughout the world. ...
... They will endeavour, in developing their co-operation as
equals, to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly
and good-neighbourly relations among themselves, international
peace, security and justice. They will equally endeavour, in
developing their co-operation, to improve the well-being of
peoples and contribute to the fulfilment of their aspirations
through, inter alia, the benefits resulting from increased mutual
knowledge and from progress and achievement in the economic,
scientific, technological, social, cultural and humanitarian
fields. They will take steps to promote conditions favourable to
making these benefits available to all; they will take into
account the interest of all in the narrowing of differences in
the levels of economic development, and in particular the
interest of developing countries throughout the world. ...
PAGE: (b) Matters related to giving effect to certain of the above Principles (i) (ii) [go to this PAGE]
... To refrain from any act of economic coercion designed to
subordinate to their own interest the exercise by another
participating State of the rights inherent in its
sovereignty and thus to secure advantages of any kind.
...
PAGE: II Questions relating to disarmament [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States recognize the interest of all of
them in efforts aimed at lessening military confrontation and
promoting disarmament which are designed to complement political
détente in Europe and to strengthen their security. They are
convinced of the necessity to take effective measures in these
fields which by their scope and by their nature constitute steps
towards the ultimate achievement of general and complete
disarmament under strict and effective international control, and
which should result in strengthening peace and security
throughout the world. ...
PAGE: III General considerations [go to this PAGE]
... Respect for the security interests of all States
participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe inherent in their sovereign equality;
...
... The importance that participants in negotiating fora see to
it that information about relevant developments, progress and
results is provided on an appropriate basis to other States
participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe and, in return, the justified interest of any of those
States in having their views considered.
...
PAGE: Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Taking into account the interests of the developing
countries throughout the world, including those among the
participating countries as long as they are developing from the
economic point of view; reaffirming their will to co-operate for
the achievement of the aims and objectives established by the
appropriate bodies of the United Nations in the pertinent
documents concerning development, it being understood that each
participating State maintains the positions it has taken on them;
giving special attention to the least developed countries, ...
PAGE: 1. Commercial Exchanges General provisions [go to this PAGE]
... consider that their trade in various products should be
conducted in such a way as not to cause or threaten to cause
serious injury - and should the situation arise, market
disruption - in domestic markets for these products and in
particular to the detriment of domestic producers of like or
directly competitive products; as regards the concept of market
disruption, it is understood that it should not be invoked in a
way inconsistent with the relevant provisions of their
international agreements; if they resort to safeguard measures,
they will do so in conformity with their commitments in this
field arising from international agreements to which they are
parties and will take account of the interests of the parties
directly concerned; ...
PAGE: 2. Industrial co-operation and projects of common interest Industrial co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... recognize that industrial co-operation covers a number of
forms of economic relations going beyond the framework of
conventional trade, and that in concluding contracts on
industrial co-operation the partners will determine jointly the
appropriate forms and conditions of co-operation, taking into
account their mutual interests and capabilities; ...
... recognize further that, if it is in their mutual interest,
concrete forms such as the following may be useful for the
development of industrial co-operation: joint production and
sale, specialization in production and sale, construction,
adaptation and modernization of industrial plants, co-operation
for the setting up of complete industrial installations with a
view to thus obtaining part of the resultant products, mixed
companies, exchanges of <know-how>, of technical information,
of patents and of licences, and joint industrial research within
the framework of specific co-operation projects; ...
... the protection of the interests of the partners in
industrial co-operation projects, including the legal protection
of the various kinds of property involved;
...
PAGE: Projects of common interest [go to this PAGE]
... Projects of common interest ...
... Considering it desirable that the competent organizations,
enterprises and firms of all countries should be given the
possibility of indicating their interest in participating in such
projects, and, in case of agreement, of taking part in their
implementation, ...
... Noting that the provisions adopted by the Conference
relating to industrial co-operation are also applicable to
projects of common interest, ...
... regard it as necessary to encourage, where appropriate, the
investigation by competent and interested organizations,
enterprises and firms of the possibilities for the carrying out
of projects of common interest in the fields of energy resources
and of the exploitation of raw materials, as well as of transport
and communications; ...
... regard it as desirable that organizations, enterprises and
firms exploring the possibilities of taking part in projects of
common interest exchange with their potential partners, through
the appropriate channels, the requisite economic, legal,
financial and technical information pertaining to these projects; ...
... consider that possibilities for projects of common interest
with a view to long-term economic co-operation also exist in the
following fields: ...
... recommend that the States interested in projects of common
interest should consider under what conditions it would be
possible to establish them, and if they so desire, create the
necessary conditions for their actual implementation. ...
PAGE: 3. Provisions concerning trade and industrial co-operation Harmonization of standards [go to this PAGE]
... reaffirm their interest to achieve the widest possible
international harmonization of standards and technical
regulations; ...
PAGE: Specific bilateral arrangements [go to this PAGE]
... will consider favourably the conclusion, in appropriate
cases, of specific bilateral agreements concerning various
problems of mutual interest in the fields of commercial exchanges
and industrial co-operation, in particular with a view to
avoiding double taxation and to facilitating the transfer of
profits and the return of the value of the assets invested. ...
PAGE: 4. Science and technology [go to this PAGE]
... Convinced that scientific and technological co-operation
constitutes an important contribution to the strengthening of
security and co-operation among them, in that it assists the
effective solution of problems of common interest and the
improvement of the conditions of human life, ...
PAGE: Fields of co-operation Agriculture Energy New technologies, rational use of resources Transport technology Physics Chemistry
Meteorology and hydrology Oceanography Seismological research Research on glaciology, permafrost and problems of life under
conditions of cold Computer, communication and information technologies Space research Medicine and public health Environmental
research [go to this PAGE]
... Consider that possibilities to expand co-operation exist
within the areas given below as examples, noting that it is for
potential partners in the participating countries to identify and
develop projects and arrangements of mutual interest and benefit: ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... joint preparation and implementation of programmes and
projects of mutual interest on the basis of consultation and
agreement among all parties concerned, including, where possible
and appropriate, exchanges of experience and research results,
and correlation of research programmes, between scientific and
technological research institutions and organizations;
...
... recommend further that more effective utilization be made of
the possibilities and capabilities of existing international
organizations, intergovernmental and non-governmental, concerned
with science and technology, for improving exchanges of
information and experience, as well as for developing other forms
of co-operation in fields of common interest, for example: ...
PAGE: 5. Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Affirming that the protection and improvement of the
environment, as well as the protection of nature and the rational
utilization of its resources in the interests of present and
future generations, is one of the tasks of major importance to
the well-being of peoples and the economic development of all
countries and that many environmental problems, particularly in
Europe, can be solved effectively only through close
international co-operation, ...
PAGE: Promotion of tourism [go to this PAGE]
... encouraging the carrying out of joint tourist projects
including technical co-operation, particularly where this is
suggested by territorial proximity and the convergence of tourist
interests;
...
PAGE: Economic and social aspects of migrant labour [go to this PAGE]
... are of the opinion that the problems arising bilaterally
from the migration of workers in Europe as well as between the
participating States should be dealt with by the parties directly
concerned, in order to resolve these problems in their mutual
interest, in the light of the concern of each State involved to
take due account of the requirements resulting from its socio-
economic situation, having regard to the obligation of each State
to comply with the bilateral and multilateral agreements to which
it is party, and with the following aims in view: ...
PAGE: Questions relating to Security and Co-operation in the Mediterranean [go to this PAGE]
... Believing that the strengthening of security and the
intensification of co-operation in Europe would stimulate
positive processes in the Mediterranean region, and expressing
their intention to contribute towards peace, security and justice
in the region, in which ends the participating States and the
non-participating Mediterranean States have a common interest, ...
... Recognizing the importance of their mutual economic
relations with the nonparticipating Mediterranean States, and
conscious of their common interest in the further development of
co-operation, ...
... Noting with appreciation the interest expressed by the non-
participating Mediterranean States in the Conference since its
inception, and having duly taken their contributions into
account, ...
... to encourage with the non-participating Mediterranean States
the development of mutually beneficial co-operation in the
various fields of economic activity, especially by expanding
commercial exchanges, on the basis of a common awareness of the
necessity for stability and progress in trade relations, of their
mutual economic interests, and of differences in the levels of
economic development, thereby promoting their economic
advancement and well-being;
...
... In order to advance the objectives set forth above, the
participating States also declare their intention of maintaining
and amplifying the contacts and dialogue as initiated by the CSCE
with the non-participating Mediterranean States to include all
the States of the Mediterranean, with the purpose of contributing
to peace, reducing armed forces in the region, strengthening
security, lessening tensions in the region, and widening the
scope of co-operation, ends in which all share a common interest,
as well as with the purpose of defining further common
objectives. ...
PAGE: (e) Improvement of Conditions for Tourism on an Individual or Collective Basis [go to this PAGE]
... to increase, on the basis of appropriate agreements or
arrangements where necessary, co-operation in the development of
tourism, in particular by considering bilaterally possible ways
to increase information relating to travel to other countries and
to the reception and service of tourists, and other related
questions of mutual interest.
...
PAGE: (iii) Filmed and Broadcast Information [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States note the expansion in the
dissemination of information broadcast by radio, and express the
hope for the continuation of this process, so as to meet the
interest of mutual understanding among peoples and the aims set
forth by this Conference. ...
PAGE: 3. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Culture [go to this PAGE]
... Confirming the conclusions already formulated in this field
at the multilateral level, particularly at the Intergovernmental
Conference on Cultural Policies in Europe, organized by UNESCO in
Helsinki in June 1972, where interest was manifested in the
active participation of the broadest possible social groups in an
increasingly diversified cultural life, ...
PAGE: Exchanges and Dissemination [go to this PAGE]
... encouraging, in the way they deem appropriate, within their
cultural policies, the further development of interest in the
cultural heritage of the other participating States, conscious of
the merits and the value of each culture;
...
PAGE: Contacts and Co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... continue to encourage the organization of international
meetings among creative artists, especially young creative
artists, on current questions of artistic and literary creation
which are of interest for joint study;
...
PAGE: Fields and Forms of Co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... the implementation of joint projects for conserving,
restoring and showing to advantage works of art, historical
and archaeological monuments and sites of cultural interest,
with the help, in appropriate cases, of international
organizations of a governmental or non-governmental
character as well as of private institutions - competent and
active in these fields - envisaging for this purpose:
- periodic meetings of experts of the interested parties to elaborate the necessary proposals, while bearing in mind the need to consider these questions in a wider social and economic context;
- the publication in appropriate periodicals of articles designed to make known and to compare, among the participating States, the most significant achievements and innovations;
- a joint study with a view to the improvement and possible harmonization of the different systems used to inventory and catalogue the historical monuments and places of cultural interest in their countries;
- the study of the possibilities for organizing international courses for the training of specialists in different disciplines relating to restoration.
... a joint study with a view to the improvement and possible
harmonization of the different systems used to inventory
and catalogue the historical monuments and places of
cultural interest in their countries;
...
... National minorities or regional cultures. The
participating States, recognizing the contribution that national minorities
or regional cultures can make to co-operation among them in various
fields of culture, intend, when such minorities or cultures exist
within their territory, to facilitate this contribution, taking
into account the legitimate interests of their members. ...
PAGE: 4. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Education [go to this PAGE]
... Desiring to strengthen the links among educational and
scientific establishments and also to encourage their co-
operation in sectors of common interest, particularly where the
levels of knowledge and resources require efforts to be concerted
internationally, and ...
PAGE: (b) Access and Exchanges [go to this PAGE]
... To improve access, under mutually acceptable conditions, for
students, teachers and scholars of the participating States to
each other's educational, cultural and scientific institutions,
and to intensify exchanges among these institutions in all areas
of common interest, in particular by: ...
PAGE: (c) Science [go to this PAGE]
... inviting scientific institutions and universities to keep
each other more fully and regularly informed about their current
and contemplated research work in fields of common interest.
To facilitate the extension of communications and direct
contacts between universities, scientific institutions and
associations as well as among scientists and research workers,
including those based where necessary on special agreements or
arrangements, by such means as:
...
... further developing exchanges of scientists and research
workers and encouraging the organization of preparatory meetings
or working groups on research topics of common interest;
...
... furthermore envisaging, in the near future, a "Scientific
Forum" in the form of a meeting of leading personalities in
science from the participating States to discuss interrelated
problems of common interest concerning current and future
developments in science, and to promote the expansion of
contacts, communications and the exchange of information between
scientific institutions and among scientists;
...
... the humanities and social sciences, such as history,
geography, philosophy, psychology, pedagogical research,
linguistics, sociology, the legal, political and economic
sciences; comparative studies on social, socio-economic and
cultural phenomena which are of common interest to the
participating States, especially the problems of human
environment and urban development; and scientific studies on the
methods of conserving and restoring monuments and works of art.
...
PAGE: (d) Foreign Languages and Civilizations [go to this PAGE]
... to promote, within the framework of adult education, the
further development of specialized programmes, adapted to various
needs and interests, for teaching foreign languages to their own
inhabitants and the languages of host countries to interested
adults from other countries; in this context to encourage
interested institutions to co-operate, for example, in the
elaboration of programmes for teaching by radio and television
and by accelerated methods, and also, where desirable, in the
definition of study objectives for such programmes, with a view
to arriving at comparable levels of language proficiency;
...
... to encourage the association, where appropriate, of the
teaching of foreign languages with the study of the corresponding
civilizations and also to make further efforts to stimulate
interest in the study of foreign languages, including relevant
out-of-class activities.
...
PAGE: (e) Teaching Methods [go to this PAGE]
... National minorities or regional cultures. The participating
States, recognizing the contribution that national minorities or
regional cultures can make to co-operation among them in various
fields of education, intend, when such minorities or cultures
exist within their territory, to facilitate this contribution,
taking into account the legitimate interests of their members. ...