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Law-ref.org | Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe - Final Act - Helsinki 1975 |
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PAGE: Questions relating to Security in Europe [go to this PAGE]
... Mindful of their common history and recognizing that the
existence of elements common to their traditions and values can
assist them in developing their relations, and desiring to
search, fully taking into account the individuality and diversity
of their positions and views, for possibilities of joining their
efforts with a view to overcoming distrust and increasing
confidence, solving the problems that separate them and
cooperating in the interest of mankind; ...
PAGE: 1. (a) Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States [go to this PAGE]
... Reaffirming, in conformity with their membership in the
United Nations and in accordance with the purposes and principles
of the United Nations, their full and active support for the
United Nations and for the enhancement of its role and
effectiveness in strengthening international peace, security and
justice, and in promoting the solution of international problems,
as well as the development of friendly relations and co-operation
among States; ...
PAGE: Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Convinced that the growing world-wide economic
interdependence calls for increasing common and effective efforts
towards the solution of major world economic problems such as
food, energy, commodities, monetary and financial problems, and
therefore emphasizes the need for promoting stable and equitable
international economic relations, thus contributing to the
continuous and diversified economic development of all countries, ...
... Convinced that the growing world-wide economic
interdependence calls for increasing common and effective efforts
towards the solution of major world economic problems such as
food, energy, commodities, monetary and financial problems, and
therefore emphasizes the need for promoting stable and equitable
international economic relations, thus contributing to the
continuous and diversified economic development of all countries, ...
PAGE: Specific bilateral arrangements [go to this PAGE]
... will consider favourably the conclusion, in appropriate
cases, of specific bilateral agreements concerning various
problems of mutual interest in the fields of commercial exchanges
and industrial co-operation, in particular with a view to
avoiding double taxation and to facilitating the transfer of
profits and the return of the value of the assets invested. ...
PAGE: 4. Science and technology [go to this PAGE]
... Convinced that scientific and technological co-operation
constitutes an important contribution to the strengthening of
security and co-operation among them, in that it assists the
effective solution of problems of common interest and the
improvement of the conditions of human life, ...
PAGE: Fields of co-operation Agriculture Energy New technologies, rational use of resources Transport technology Physics Chemistry
Meteorology and hydrology Oceanography Seismological research Research on glaciology, permafrost and problems of life under
conditions of cold Computer, communication and information technologies Space research Medicine and public health Environmental
research [go to this PAGE]
... Study of problems in high energy physics and plasma physics;
research in the field of theoretical and experimental nuclear
physics; ...
... Research on problems in electrochemistry and the chemistry
of polymers, of natural products, and of metals and alloys, as
well as the development of improved chemical technology,
especially materials processing; practical application of the
latest achievements of chemistry to industry, construction and
other sectors of the economy; ...
... Development of computers as well as of telecommunications
and information systems; technology associated with computers and
telecommunications, including their use for management systems,
for production processes, for automation, for the study of
economic problems, in scientific research and for the collection,
processing and dissemination of information; ...
... Research on cardiovascular, tumour and virus diseases,
molecular biology, neurophysiology; development and testing of
new drugs; study of contemporary problems of pediatrics,
gerontology and the organization and techniques of medical
services; ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... consider it desirable that periodic exchanges of views and
information take place on scientific policy, in particular on
general problems of orientation and administration of research
and the question of a better use of large-scale scientific and
experimental equipment on a co-operative basis; ...
PAGE: 5. Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Affirming that the protection and improvement of the
environment, as well as the protection of nature and the rational
utilization of its resources in the interests of present and
future generations, is one of the tasks of major importance to
the well-being of peoples and the economic development of all
countries and that many environmental problems, particularly in
Europe, can be solved effectively only through close
international co-operation, ...
PAGE: Aims of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... to study, with a view to their solution, those environmental
problems which, by their nature, are of a multilateral,
bilateral, regional or sub-regional dimension; as well as to
encourage the development of an interdisciplinary approach to
environmental problems;
...
... to study, with a view to their solution, those environmental
problems which, by their nature, are of a multilateral,
bilateral, regional or sub-regional dimension; as well as to
encourage the development of an interdisciplinary approach to
environmental problems;
...
PAGE: Fields of co-operation Control of air pollution Water pollution control and fresh water utilization Protection of the marine
environment Land utilization and soils Nature conservation and nature reserves Improvement of environmental conditions in
areas of human settlement Fundamental research, monitoring, forecasting and assessment of environmental changes Legal and
administrative measures [go to this PAGE]
... Protection of the marine environment of participating
States, and especially the Mediterranean Sea, from pollutants
emanating from land-based sources and those from ships and other
vessels, notably the harmful substances listed in Annexes I and
II to the London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution
by the Dumping of Wastes and Other Matters; problems of
maintaining marine ecological balances and food chains, in
particular such problems as may arise from the exploration and
exploitation of biological and mineral resources of the seas and
the sea-bed; ...
... Protection of the marine environment of participating
States, and especially the Mediterranean Sea, from pollutants
emanating from land-based sources and those from ships and other
vessels, notably the harmful substances listed in Annexes I and
II to the London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution
by the Dumping of Wastes and Other Matters; problems of
maintaining marine ecological balances and food chains, in
particular such problems as may arise from the exploration and
exploitation of biological and mineral resources of the seas and
the sea-bed; ...
... Problems associated with more effective use of lands,
including land amelioration, reclamation and recultivation;
control of soil pollution, water and air erosion, as well as
other forms of soil degradation; maintaining and increasing the
productivity of soils with due regard for the possible negative
effects of the application of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides; ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States declare that problems relating to
the protection and improvement of the environment will be solved
on both a bilateral and a multilateral, including regional and
sub-regional, basis, making full use of existing pattern and
forms of co-operation. They will develop co-operation in the
field of the environment in particular by taking into
consideration the Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment,
relevant resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly and
the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Prague sym-
posium on environmental problems. ...
... The participating States declare that problems relating to
the protection and improvement of the environment will be solved
on both a bilateral and a multilateral, including regional and
sub-regional, basis, making full use of existing pattern and
forms of co-operation. They will develop co-operation in the
field of the environment in particular by taking into
consideration the Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment,
relevant resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly and
the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Prague sym-
posium on environmental problems. ...
... joint preparation and implementation of programmes and
projects for the study and solution of various problems of
environmental protection;
...
... harmonization, where appropriate and necessary, of
environmental protection standards and norms, in particular with
the object of avoiding possible difficulties in trade which may
arise from efforts to resolve ecological problems of production
processes and which relate to the achievement of certain
environmental qualities in manufactured products;
...
... consultations on various aspects of environmental
protection, as agreed upon among countries concerned, especially
in connexion with problems which could have international
consequences.
...
PAGE: 6. Co-operation in other areas Development of transport [go to this PAGE]
... Considering that it is necessary to encourage the
development of transport and the solution of existing problems by
employing appropriate national and international means, ...
PAGE: Promotion of tourism [go to this PAGE]
... a study of the problems raised by the seasonal concentration
of vacations, with the ultimate objective of encouraging tourism
outside peak periods;
...
PAGE: Economic and social aspects of migrant labour [go to this PAGE]
... Recognizing that workers' migrations have also given rise to
a number of economic, social, human and other problems in both
the receiving countries and the countries of origin, ...
... are of the opinion that the problems arising bilaterally
from the migration of workers in Europe as well as between the
participating States should be dealt with by the parties directly
concerned, in order to resolve these problems in their mutual
interest, in the light of the concern of each State involved to
take due account of the requirements resulting from its socio-
economic situation, having regard to the obligation of each State
to comply with the bilateral and multilateral agreements to which
it is party, and with the following aims in view: ...
... are of the opinion that the problems arising bilaterally
from the migration of workers in Europe as well as between the
participating States should be dealt with by the parties directly
concerned, in order to resolve these problems in their mutual
interest, in the light of the concern of each State involved to
take due account of the requirements resulting from its socio-
economic situation, having regard to the obligation of each State
to comply with the bilateral and multilateral agreements to which
it is party, and with the following aims in view: ...
PAGE: Co-operation in Humanitarian and Other Fields [go to this PAGE]
... Conscious that increased cultural and educational exchanges,
broader dissemination of information, contacts between people,
and the solution of humanitarian problems will contribute to the
attainment of these aims, ...
PAGE: 1. Human Contacts [go to this PAGE]
... Make it their aim to facilitate freer movement and contacts,
individually and collectively, whether privately or officially,
among persons, institutions and organizations of the
participating States, and to contribute to the solution of the
humanitarian problems that arise in that connexion, ...
PAGE: (b) Reunification of Families [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States will support the efforts of Red
Cross and Red Crescent Societies concerned with the problems of
family reunification. ...
PAGE: (b) Access and Exchanges [go to this PAGE]
... promoting a more exact assessment of the problems of
comparison and equivalence of academic degrees and diplomas by
fostering the exchange of information on the organization,
duration and content of studies, the comparison of methods of
assessing levels of knowledge, and academic qualifications, and,
where feasible, arriving at the mutual recognition of academic
degrees and diplomas either through governmental agreements,
where necessary, or direct arrangements between universities and
other institutions of higher learning and research;
...
... recommending, moreover, to the appropriate international
organizations that they should intensify their efforts to reach a
generally acceptable solution to the problems of comparison and
equivalence between academic degrees and diplomas.
...
PAGE: (c) Science [go to this PAGE]
... furthermore envisaging, in the near future, a "Scientific
Forum" in the form of a meeting of leading personalities in
science from the participating States to discuss interrelated
problems of common interest concerning current and future
developments in science, and to promote the expansion of
contacts, communications and the exchange of information between
scientific institutions and among scientists;
...
... the humanities and social sciences, such as history,
geography, philosophy, psychology, pedagogical research,
linguistics, sociology, the legal, political and economic
sciences; comparative studies on social, socio-economic and
cultural phenomena which are of common interest to the
participating States, especially the problems of human
environment and urban development; and scientific studies on the
methods of conserving and restoring monuments and works of art.
...
PAGE: (e) Teaching Methods [go to this PAGE]
... encouraging exchanges of experience in the education of
youth and adults in international understanding, with particular
reference to those major problems of mankind whose solution calls
for a common approach and wider international co-operation;
...