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Law-ref.org | Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe - Final Act - Helsinki 1975 |
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PAGE: IX. Co-operation among States [go to this PAGE]
... They will endeavour, in developing their co-operation as
equals, to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly
and good-neighbourly relations among themselves, international
peace, security and justice. They will equally endeavour, in
developing their co-operation, to improve the well-being of
peoples and contribute to the fulfilment of their aspirations
through, inter alia, the benefits resulting from increased mutual
knowledge and from progress and achievement in the economic,
scientific, technological, social, cultural and humanitarian
fields. They will take steps to promote conditions favourable to
making these benefits available to all; they will take into
account the interest of all in the narrowing of differences in
the levels of economic development, and in particular the
interest of developing countries throughout the world. ...
PAGE: Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Convinced that their efforts to develop co-operation in the
fields of trade, industry, science and technology, the
environment and other areas of economic activity contribute to
the reinforcement of peace and security in Europe and in the
world as a whole, ...
PAGE: 1. Commercial Exchanges General provisions [go to this PAGE]
... Considering that the volume and structure of trade among the
participating States do not in all cases correspond to the
possibilities created by the current level of their economic,
scientific and technological development, ...
PAGE: Economic and commercial information [go to this PAGE]
... will in addition to the above encourage the development of
the exchange of economic and commercial information through,
where appropriate, joint commissions for economic, scientific and
technical co-operation, national and joint chambers of commerce,
and other suitable bodies; ...
PAGE: 2. Industrial co-operation and projects of common interest Industrial co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... will encourage all forms of exchange of information and
communication of experience relevant to industrial co-operation,
including through contacts between potential partners and, where
appropriate, through joint commissions for economic, industrial,
scientific and technical co-operation, national and joint
chambers of commerce, and other suitable bodies; ...
PAGE: 4. Science and technology [go to this PAGE]
... 4. Science and technology ...
... Convinced that scientific and technological co-operation
constitutes an important contribution to the strengthening of
security and co-operation among them, in that it assists the
effective solution of problems of common interest and the
improvement of the conditions of human life, ...
... Considering that in developing such co-operation, it is
important to promote the sharing of information and experience,
facilitating the study and transfer of scientific and
technological achievements, as well as the access to such
achievements on a mutually advantageous basis and in fields of
co-operation agreed between interested parties, ...
... Considering that it is for the potential partners, i.e. the
competent organizations, institutions, enterprises, scientists
and technologists of the participating States to determine the
opportunities for mutually beneficial co-operation and to develop
its details, ...
... Aware of the need to take measures further to improve
scientific and technological co-operation between them, ...
PAGE: Possibilities for improving co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... Recognize that possibilities exist for further improving
scientific and technological co-operation, and to this end,
express their intention to remove obstacles to such co-operation,
in particular through: ...
... the improvement of opportunities for the exchange and
dissemination of scientific and technological information among
the parties interested in scientific and technological research
and co-operation including information related to the
organization and implementation of such co-operation;
...
... the improvement of opportunities for the exchange and
dissemination of scientific and technological information among
the parties interested in scientific and technological research
and co-operation including information related to the
organization and implementation of such co-operation;
...
... the expeditious implementation and improvement in
organization, including programmes, of international visits of
scientists and specialists in connexion with exchanges,
conferences and co-operation;
...
... the wider use of commercial channels and activities for
applied scientific and technological research and for the
transfer of achievements obtained in this field while providing
information on and protection of intellectual and industrial
property rights;
...
PAGE: Fields of co-operation Agriculture Energy New technologies, rational use of resources Transport technology Physics Chemistry
Meteorology and hydrology Oceanography Seismological research Research on glaciology, permafrost and problems of life under
conditions of cold Computer, communication and information technologies Space research Medicine and public health Environmental
research [go to this PAGE]
... Development of computers as well as of telecommunications
and information systems; technology associated with computers and
telecommunications, including their use for management systems,
for production processes, for automation, for the study of
economic problems, in scientific research and for the collection,
processing and dissemination of information; ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... Express their view that scientific and technological co-
operation should, in particular, employ the following forms and
methods: ...
... exchange and circulation of books, periodicals and other
scientific and technological publications and papers among
interested organizations, scientific and technological
institutions, enterprises and scientists and technologists, as
well as participation in international programmes for the
abstracting and indexing of publications;
...
... exchange and circulation of books, periodicals and other
scientific and technological publications and papers among
interested organizations, scientific and technological
institutions, enterprises and scientists and technologists, as
well as participation in international programmes for the
abstracting and indexing of publications;
...
... exchange and circulation of books, periodicals and other
scientific and technological publications and papers among
interested organizations, scientific and technological
institutions, enterprises and scientists and technologists, as
well as participation in international programmes for the
abstracting and indexing of publications;
...
... exchanges and visits as well as other direct contacts and
communications among scientists and technologists, on the basis
of mutual agreement and other arrangements, for such purposes as
consultations, lecturing and conducting research, including the
use of laboratories, scientific libraries, and other documen-
tation centres in connexion therewith;
...
... exchanges and visits as well as other direct contacts and
communications among scientists and technologists, on the basis
of mutual agreement and other arrangements, for such purposes as
consultations, lecturing and conducting research, including the
use of laboratories, scientific libraries, and other documen-
tation centres in connexion therewith;
...
... holding of international and national conferences, symposia,
seminars, courses and other meetings of a scientific and
technological character, which would include the participation of
foreign scientists and technologists;
...
... holding of international and national conferences, symposia,
seminars, courses and other meetings of a scientific and
technological character, which would include the participation of
foreign scientists and technologists;
...
... joint preparation and implementation of programmes and
projects of mutual interest on the basis of consultation and
agreement among all parties concerned, including, where possible
and appropriate, exchanges of experience and research results,
and correlation of research programmes, between scientific and
technological research institutions and organizations;
...
... use of commercial channels and methods for identifying and
transferring technological and scientific developments, including
the conclusion of mutually beneficial co-operation arrangements
between firms and enterprises in fields agreed upon between them
and for carrying out, where appropriate, joint research and
development programmes and projects;
...
... consider it desirable that periodic exchanges of views and
information take place on scientific policy, in particular on
general problems of orientation and administration of research
and the question of a better use of large-scale scientific and
experimental equipment on a co-operative basis; ...
... consider it desirable that periodic exchanges of views and
information take place on scientific policy, in particular on
general problems of orientation and administration of research
and the question of a better use of large-scale scientific and
experimental equipment on a co-operative basis; ...
... recommend that, in developing co-operation in the field of
science and technology, full use be made of existing practices of
bilateral and multilateral co-operation, including that of a
regional or sub-regional character, together with the forms and
methods of co-operation described in this document; ...
... recommend further that more effective utilization be made of
the possibilities and capabilities of existing international
organizations, intergovernmental and non-governmental, concerned
with science and technology, for improving exchanges of
information and experience, as well as for developing other forms
of co-operation in fields of common interest, for example: ...
... in the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, study
of possibilities for expanding multilateral co-operation, taking
into account models for projects and research used in various
international organizations; and for sponsoring conferences,
symposia, and study and working groups such as those which would
bring together younger scientists and technologists with eminent
specialists in their field;
...
... through their participation in particular international
scientific and technological co-operation programmes, including
those of UNESCO and other international organizations, pursuit of
continuing progress towards the objectives of such programmes,
notably those of UNISIST with particular respect to information
policy guidance, technical advice, information contributions and
data processing.
...
PAGE: Fields of co-operation Control of air pollution Water pollution control and fresh water utilization Protection of the marine
environment Land utilization and soils Nature conservation and nature reserves Improvement of environmental conditions in
areas of human settlement Fundamental research, monitoring, forecasting and assessment of environmental changes Legal and
administrative measures [go to this PAGE]
... Study of changes in climate, landscapes and ecological
balances under the impact of both natural factors and human
activities; forecasting of possible genetic changes in flora and
fauna as a result of environmental pollution; harmonization of
statistical data, development of scientific concepts and systems
of monitoring networks, standardized methods of observation,
measurement and assessment of changes in the biosphere;
assessment of the effects of environmental pollution levels and
degradation of the environment upon human health; study and
development of criteria and standards for various environmental
pollutants and regulation regarding production and use of various
products; ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... exchanges of scientific and technical information,
documentation and research results, including information on the
means of determining the possible effects on the environment of
technical and economic activities;
...
PAGE: Questions relating to Security and Co-operation in the Mediterranean [go to this PAGE]
... to contribute to a diversified development of the economies
of the non-participating Mediterranean countries, whilst taking
due account of their national development objectives, and to
cooperate with them, especially in the sectors of industry,
science and technology, in their efforts to achieve a better
utilization of their resources, thus promoting a more harmonious
development of economic relations;
...
PAGE: Mutual Knowledge [go to this PAGE]
... to consider, if necessary in conjunction with appropriate
international organizations, ways of compiling in Europe an
inventory of documentary films of a cultural or scientific nature
from the participating States;
...
PAGE: 4. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Education [go to this PAGE]
... Conscious that the development of relations of an
international character in the fields of education and science
contributes to a better mutual understanding and is to the
advantage of all peoples as well as to the benefit of future
generations, ...
... Prepared to facilitate, between organizations, institutions
and persons engaged in education and science, the further
development of exchanges of knowledge and experience as well as
of contacts, on the basis of special arrangements where these are
necessary, ...
... Desiring to strengthen the links among educational and
scientific establishments and also to encourage their co-
operation in sectors of common interest, particularly where the
levels of knowledge and resources require efforts to be concerted
internationally, and ...
PAGE: (a) Extension of Relations [go to this PAGE]
... To expand and improve at the various levels co-operation and
links in the fields of education and science, in particular by: ...
... concluding, where appropriate, bilateral or multilateral
agreements providing for co-operation and exchanges among State
institutions, non-governmental bodies and persons engaged in
activities in education and science, bearing in mind the need
both for flexibility and the fuller use of existing agreements
and arrangements;
...
... encouraging among persons engaged in education and science
direct contacts and communications, including those based on
special agreements or arrangements where these are appropriate.
...
PAGE: (b) Access and Exchanges [go to this PAGE]
... To improve access, under mutually acceptable conditions, for
students, teachers and scholars of the participating States to
each other's educational, cultural and scientific institutions,
and to intensify exchanges among these institutions in all areas
of common interest, in particular by: ...
... facilitating travel between the participating States by
scholars, teachers and students for purposes of study, teaching
and research as well as for improving knowledge of each other's
educational, cultural and scientific achievements;
...
... promoting the efficient implementation of such arrangements
and programmes by providing scholars, teachers and students in
good time with more detailed information about their placing in
universities and institutes and the programmes envisaged for
them; by granting them the opportunity to use relevant scholarly,
scientific and open archival materials; and by facilitating their
travel within the receiving State for the purpose of study or
research as well as in the form of vacation tours on the basis of
the usual procedures;
...
PAGE: (c) Science [go to this PAGE]
... (c) Science ...
... Within their competence to broaden and improve co-operation
and exchanges in the field of science, in particular: ...
... To increase, on a bilateral or multilateral basis, the
exchange and dissemination of scientific information and
documentation by such means as: ...
... making this information more widely available to scientists
and research workers of the other participating States through,
for instance, participation in international information-sharing
programmes or through other appropriate arrangements;
...
... broadening and facilitating the exchange of samples and
other scientific materials used particularly for fundamental
research in the fields of natural sciences and medicine;
...
... inviting scientific institutions and universities to keep
each other more fully and regularly informed about their current
and contemplated research work in fields of common interest.
To facilitate the extension of communications and direct
contacts between universities, scientific institutions and
associations as well as among scientists and research workers,
including those based where necessary on special agreements or
arrangements, by such means as:
...
... inviting scientific institutions and universities to keep
each other more fully and regularly informed about their current
and contemplated research work in fields of common interest.
To facilitate the extension of communications and direct
contacts between universities, scientific institutions and
associations as well as among scientists and research workers,
including those based where necessary on special agreements or
arrangements, by such means as:
...
... inviting scientific institutions and universities to keep
each other more fully and regularly informed about their current
and contemplated research work in fields of common interest.
To facilitate the extension of communications and direct
contacts between universities, scientific institutions and
associations as well as among scientists and research workers,
including those based where necessary on special agreements or
arrangements, by such means as:
...
... further developing exchanges of scientists and research
workers and encouraging the organization of preparatory meetings
or working groups on research topics of common interest;
...
... encouraging the creation of joint teams of scientists to
pursue research projects under arrangements made by the
scientific institutions of several countries;
...
... encouraging the creation of joint teams of scientists to
pursue research projects under arrangements made by the
scientific institutions of several countries;
...
... assisting the organization and successful functioning of
international conferences and seminars and participation in them
by their scientists and research workers;
...
... furthermore envisaging, in the near future, a "Scientific
Forum" in the form of a meeting of leading personalities in
science from the participating States to discuss interrelated
problems of common interest concerning current and future
developments in science, and to promote the expansion of
contacts, communications and the exchange of information between
scientific institutions and among scientists;
...
... furthermore envisaging, in the near future, a "Scientific
Forum" in the form of a meeting of leading personalities in
science from the participating States to discuss interrelated
problems of common interest concerning current and future
developments in science, and to promote the expansion of
contacts, communications and the exchange of information between
scientific institutions and among scientists;
...
... furthermore envisaging, in the near future, a "Scientific
Forum" in the form of a meeting of leading personalities in
science from the participating States to discuss interrelated
problems of common interest concerning current and future
developments in science, and to promote the expansion of
contacts, communications and the exchange of information between
scientific institutions and among scientists;
...
... furthermore envisaging, in the near future, a "Scientific
Forum" in the form of a meeting of leading personalities in
science from the participating States to discuss interrelated
problems of common interest concerning current and future
developments in science, and to promote the expansion of
contacts, communications and the exchange of information between
scientific institutions and among scientists;
...
... furthermore envisaging, in the near future, a "Scientific
Forum" in the form of a meeting of leading personalities in
science from the participating States to discuss interrelated
problems of common interest concerning current and future
developments in science, and to promote the expansion of
contacts, communications and the exchange of information between
scientific institutions and among scientists;
...
... foreseeing, at an early date, a meeting of experts
representing the participating States and their national
scientific institutions, in order to prepare such a "Scientific
Forum" in consultation with appropriate international
organizations, such as UNESCO and the ECE;
...
... foreseeing, at an early date, a meeting of experts
representing the participating States and their national
scientific institutions, in order to prepare such a "Scientific
Forum" in consultation with appropriate international
organizations, such as UNESCO and the ECE;
...
... considering in due course what further steps might be taken
with respect to the "Scientific Forum".
...
... To develop in the field of scientific research, on a
bilateral or multilateral basis, the co-ordination of programmes
carried out in the participating States and the organization of
joint programmes, especially in the areas mentioned below, which
may involve the combined efforts of scientists and in certain
cases the use of costly or unique equipment. The list of subjects
in these areas is illustrative; and specific projects would have
to be determined subsequently by the potential partners in the
participating States, taking account of the contribution which
could be made by appropriate international organizations and
scientific institutions: ...
... To develop in the field of scientific research, on a
bilateral or multilateral basis, the co-ordination of programmes
carried out in the participating States and the organization of
joint programmes, especially in the areas mentioned below, which
may involve the combined efforts of scientists and in certain
cases the use of costly or unique equipment. The list of subjects
in these areas is illustrative; and specific projects would have
to be determined subsequently by the potential partners in the
participating States, taking account of the contribution which
could be made by appropriate international organizations and
scientific institutions: ...
... To develop in the field of scientific research, on a
bilateral or multilateral basis, the co-ordination of programmes
carried out in the participating States and the organization of
joint programmes, especially in the areas mentioned below, which
may involve the combined efforts of scientists and in certain
cases the use of costly or unique equipment. The list of subjects
in these areas is illustrative; and specific projects would have
to be determined subsequently by the potential partners in the
participating States, taking account of the contribution which
could be made by appropriate international organizations and
scientific institutions: ...
... the humanities and social sciences, such as history,
geography, philosophy, psychology, pedagogical research,
linguistics, sociology, the legal, political and economic
sciences; comparative studies on social, socio-economic and
cultural phenomena which are of common interest to the
participating States, especially the problems of human
environment and urban development; and scientific studies on the
methods of conserving and restoring monuments and works of art.
...
PAGE: (d) Foreign Languages and Civilizations [go to this PAGE]
... to encourage co-operation among experts in the field of
lexicography with the aim of defining the necessary
terminological equivalents, particularly in the scientific and
technical disciplines, in order to facilitate relations among
scientific institutions and specialists;
...
... to encourage co-operation among experts in the field of
lexicography with the aim of defining the necessary
terminological equivalents, particularly in the scientific and
technical disciplines, in order to facilitate relations among
scientific institutions and specialists;
...
PAGE: (e) Teaching Methods [go to this PAGE]
... further developing various forms of contacts and co-
operation in the different fields of pedagogical science, for
example through comparative or joint studies carried out by
interested institutions or through exchanges of information on
the results of teaching experiments;
...
PAGE: Follow-up to the Conference [go to this PAGE]
... (c) multilaterally, by meetings of experts of the participating
States, and also within the framework of existing international
organizations, such as the United Nations Economic Commission for
Europe and UNESCO, with regard to educational, scientific and
cultural co-operation;
...