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Law-ref.org | Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies |
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... The States Parties to this Agreement, ...
... All activities on the moon, including its exploration and use, shall be carried out in
accordance with international law, in particular the Charter of the United Nations, and
taking into account the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly
Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United
Nations, adopted by the General Assembly on 24 October 1970, in the interest of
maintaining international peace and security and promoting international co-operation and
mutual understanding, and with due regard to the corresponding interests of all other
States Parties. ...
... 3. States Parties shall not place in orbit around or other trajectory to or around the
moon objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction or
place or use such weapons on or in the moon. ...
... 2. States Parties shall be guided by the principle of co-operation and mutual
assistance in all their activities concerning the exploration and use of the moon.
International co-operation in pursuance of this Agreement should be as wide as possible
and may take place on a multilateral basis, on a bilateral basis or through international
intergovernmental organizations. ...
... 1. States Parties shall inform the Secretary-General of the United Nations as well as
the public and the international scientific community, to the greatest extent feasible and
practicable, of their activities concerned with the exploration and use of the moon.
Information on the time, purposes, locations, orbital parameters and duration shall be
given in respect of each mission to the moon as soon as possible after launching, while
information on the results of each mission, including scientific results, shall be
furnished upon completion of the mission. In the case of a mission lasting more than sixty
days, information on conduct of the mission, including any scientific results, shall be
given periodically, at thirty-day intervals. For missions lasting more than six months,
only significant additions to such information need be reported thereafter. ...
... 2. If a State Party becomes aware that another State Party plans to operate
simultaneously in the same area of or in the same orbit around or trajectory to or around
the moon, it shall promptly inform the other State of the timing of and plans for its own
operations. ...
... 2. If a State Party becomes aware that another State Party plans to operate
simultaneously in the same area of or in the same orbit around or trajectory to or around
the moon, it shall promptly inform the other State of the timing of and plans for its own
operations. ...
... 3. In carrying out activities under this Agreement, States Parties shall promptly
inform the Secretary-General, as well as the public and the international scientific
community, of any phenomena they discover in outer space, including the moon, which could
endanger human life or health, as well as of any indication of organic life. ...
... 1. There shall be freedom of scientific investigation on the moon by all States Parties
without discrimination of any kind, on the basis of equality and in accordance with
international law. ...
... 2. In carrying out scientific investigations and in furtherance of the provisions of
this Agreement, the States Parties shall have the right to collect on and remove from the
moon samples of its mineral and other substances. Such samples shall remain at the
disposal of those States Parties which caused them to be collected and may be used by them
for scientific purposes. States Parties shall have regard to the desirability of making a
portion of such samples available to other interested States Parties and the international
scientific community for scientific investigation. States Parties may in the course of
scientific investigations also use mineral and other substances of the moon in quantities
appropriate for the support of their missions. ...
... 2. In carrying out scientific investigations and in furtherance of the provisions of
this Agreement, the States Parties shall have the right to collect on and remove from the
moon samples of its mineral and other substances. Such samples shall remain at the
disposal of those States Parties which caused them to be collected and may be used by them
for scientific purposes. States Parties shall have regard to the desirability of making a
portion of such samples available to other interested States Parties and the international
scientific community for scientific investigation. States Parties may in the course of
scientific investigations also use mineral and other substances of the moon in quantities
appropriate for the support of their missions. ...
... 2. In carrying out scientific investigations and in furtherance of the provisions of
this Agreement, the States Parties shall have the right to collect on and remove from the
moon samples of its mineral and other substances. Such samples shall remain at the
disposal of those States Parties which caused them to be collected and may be used by them
for scientific purposes. States Parties shall have regard to the desirability of making a
portion of such samples available to other interested States Parties and the international
scientific community for scientific investigation. States Parties may in the course of
scientific investigations also use mineral and other substances of the moon in quantities
appropriate for the support of their missions. ...
... 2. In carrying out scientific investigations and in furtherance of the provisions of
this Agreement, the States Parties shall have the right to collect on and remove from the
moon samples of its mineral and other substances. Such samples shall remain at the
disposal of those States Parties which caused them to be collected and may be used by them
for scientific purposes. States Parties shall have regard to the desirability of making a
portion of such samples available to other interested States Parties and the international
scientific community for scientific investigation. States Parties may in the course of
scientific investigations also use mineral and other substances of the moon in quantities
appropriate for the support of their missions. ...
... 2. In carrying out scientific investigations and in furtherance of the provisions of
this Agreement, the States Parties shall have the right to collect on and remove from the
moon samples of its mineral and other substances. Such samples shall remain at the
disposal of those States Parties which caused them to be collected and may be used by them
for scientific purposes. States Parties shall have regard to the desirability of making a
portion of such samples available to other interested States Parties and the international
scientific community for scientific investigation. States Parties may in the course of
scientific investigations also use mineral and other substances of the moon in quantities
appropriate for the support of their missions. ...
... 3. States Parties agree on the desirability of exchanging scientific and other
personnel on expeditions to or installations on the moon to the greatest extent feasible
and practicable. ...
... 1. In exploring and using the moon, States Parties shall take measures to prevent the
disruption of the existing balance of its environment, whether by introducing adverse
changes in that environment, by its harmful contamination through the introduction of
extra-environmental matter or otherwise. States Parties shall also take measures to avoid
harmfully affecting the environment of the earth through the introduction of
extraterrestrial matter or otherwise. ...
... 1. In exploring and using the moon, States Parties shall take measures to prevent the
disruption of the existing balance of its environment, whether by introducing adverse
changes in that environment, by its harmful contamination through the introduction of
extra-environmental matter or otherwise. States Parties shall also take measures to avoid
harmfully affecting the environment of the earth through the introduction of
extraterrestrial matter or otherwise. ...
... 2. States Parties shall inform the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the
measures being adopted by them in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article and shall
also, to the maximum extent feasible, notify him in advance of all placements by them of
radio-active materials on the moon and of the purposes of such placements. ...
... 3. States Parties shall report to other States Parties and to the Secretary-General
concerning areas of the moon having special scientific interest in order that, without
prejudice to the rights of other States Parties, consideration may be given to the
designation of such areas as international scientific preserves for which special
protective arrangements are to be agreed upon in consultation with the competent bodies of
the United Nations. ...
... 3. States Parties shall report to other States Parties and to the Secretary-General
concerning areas of the moon having special scientific interest in order that, without
prejudice to the rights of other States Parties, consideration may be given to the
designation of such areas as international scientific preserves for which special
protective arrangements are to be agreed upon in consultation with the competent bodies of
the United Nations. ...
... 3. States Parties shall report to other States Parties and to the Secretary-General
concerning areas of the moon having special scientific interest in order that, without
prejudice to the rights of other States Parties, consideration may be given to the
designation of such areas as international scientific preserves for which special
protective arrangements are to be agreed upon in consultation with the competent bodies of
the United Nations. ...
... 1. States Parties may pursue their activities in the exploration and use of the moon
anywhere on or below its surface, subject to the provisions of this Agreement. ...
... 2. For these purposes States Parties may, in particular: ...
... 3. Activities of States Parties in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article
shall not interfere with the activities of other States Parties on the moon. Where such
interference may occur, the States Parties concerned shall undertake consultations in
accordance with article 15, paragraphs 2 and 3, of this Agreement. ...
... 3. Activities of States Parties in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article
shall not interfere with the activities of other States Parties on the moon. Where such
interference may occur, the States Parties concerned shall undertake consultations in
accordance with article 15, paragraphs 2 and 3, of this Agreement. ...
... 3. Activities of States Parties in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article
shall not interfere with the activities of other States Parties on the moon. Where such
interference may occur, the States Parties concerned shall undertake consultations in
accordance with article 15, paragraphs 2 and 3, of this Agreement. ...
... 1. States Parties may establish manned and unmanned stations on the moon. A State Party
establishing a station shall use only that area which is required for the needs of the
station and shall immediately inform the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the
location and purposes of that station. Subsequently, at annual intervals that State shall
likewise inform the Secretary-General whether the station continues in use and whether its
purposes have changed. ...
... 1. States Parties may establish manned and unmanned stations on the moon. A State Party
establishing a station shall use only that area which is required for the needs of the
station and shall immediately inform the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the
location and purposes of that station. Subsequently, at annual intervals that State shall
likewise inform the Secretary-General whether the station continues in use and whether its
purposes have changed. ...
... 2. Stations shall be installed in such a manner that they do not impede the free access
to all areas of the moon of personnel, vehicles and equipment of other States Parties
conducting activities on the moon in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement or
of article I of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the
Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. ...
... 1. States Parties shall adopt all practicable measures to safeguard the life and health
of persons on the moon. For this purpose they shall regard any person on the moon as an
astronaut within the meaning of article V of the Treaty on Principles Governing the
Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and
Other Celestial Bodies and as part of the personnel of a spacecraft within the meaning of
the Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of
Objects Launched into Outer Space. ...
... 2. States Parties shall offer shelter in their stations, installations, vehicles and
other facilities to persons in distress on the moon. ...
... 4. States Parties have the right to exploration and use of the moon without
discrimination of any kind, on the basis of equality and in accordance with international
law and the terms of this Agreement. ...
... 5. States Parties to this Agreement hereby undertake to establish an international
r‚gime, including appropriate procedures, to govern the exploitation of the natural
resources of the moon as such exploitation is about to become feasible. This provision
shall be implemented in accordance with article 18 of this Agreement. ...
... 6. In order to facilitate the establishment of the international r‚gime referred
to in paragraph 5 of this article, States Parties shall inform the Secretary-General of
the United Nations as well as the public and the international scientific community, to
the greatest extent feasible and practicable, of any natural resources they may discover
on the moon. ...
... (d) An equitable sharing by all States Parties in the benefits derived from those
resources, whereby the interests and needs of the developing countries, as well as the
efforts of those countries which have contributed either directly or indirectly to the
exploration of the moon, shall be given special consideration. ...
... 1. States Parties shall retain jurisdiction and control over their personnel, vehicles,
equipment, facilities, stations and installations on the moon. The ownership of space
vehicles, equipment, facilities, stations and installations shall not be affected by their
presence on the moon. ...
... 3. In the event of an emergency involving a threat to human life, States Parties may
use the equipment, vehicles, installations, facilities or supplies of other States Parties
on the moon. Prompt notification of such use shall be made to the Secretary-General of the
United Nations or the State Party concerned. ...
... 3. In the event of an emergency involving a threat to human life, States Parties may
use the equipment, vehicles, installations, facilities or supplies of other States Parties
on the moon. Prompt notification of such use shall be made to the Secretary-General of the
United Nations or the State Party concerned. ...
... 3. In the event of an emergency involving a threat to human life, States Parties may
use the equipment, vehicles, installations, facilities or supplies of other States Parties
on the moon. Prompt notification of such use shall be made to the Secretary-General of the
United Nations or the State Party concerned. ...
... A State Party which learns of the crash landing, forced landing or other unintended
landing on the moon of a space object, or its component parts, that were not launched by
it, shall promptly inform the launching State Party and the Secretary-General of the
United Nations. ...
... A State Party which learns of the crash landing, forced landing or other unintended
landing on the moon of a space object, or its component parts, that were not launched by
it, shall promptly inform the launching State Party and the Secretary-General of the
United Nations. ...
... 1. States Parties to this Agreement shall bear international responsibility for
national activities on the moon, whether such activities are carried on by governmental
agencies or by non- governmental entities, and for assuring that national activities are
carried out in conformity with the provisions set forth in this Agreement. States Parties
shall ensure that non-governmental entities under their jurisdiction shall engage in
activities on the moon only under the authority and continuing supervision of the
appropriate State Party. ...
... 1. States Parties to this Agreement shall bear international responsibility for
national activities on the moon, whether such activities are carried on by governmental
agencies or by non- governmental entities, and for assuring that national activities are
carried out in conformity with the provisions set forth in this Agreement. States Parties
shall ensure that non-governmental entities under their jurisdiction shall engage in
activities on the moon only under the authority and continuing supervision of the
appropriate State Party. ...
... 1. States Parties to this Agreement shall bear international responsibility for
national activities on the moon, whether such activities are carried on by governmental
agencies or by non- governmental entities, and for assuring that national activities are
carried out in conformity with the provisions set forth in this Agreement. States Parties
shall ensure that non-governmental entities under their jurisdiction shall engage in
activities on the moon only under the authority and continuing supervision of the
appropriate State Party. ...
... 2. States Parties recognize that detailed arrangements concerning liability for damage
caused on the moon, in addition to the provisions of the Treaty on Principles Governing
the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and
Other Celestial Bodies and the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by
Space Objects, may become necessary as a result of more extensive activities on the moon.
Any such arrangements shall be elaborated in accordance with the procedure provided for in
article 18 of this Agreement. ...
... 1. Each State Party may assure itself that the activities of other States Parties in
the exploration and use of the moon are compatible with the provisions of this Agreement.
To this end, all space vehicles, equipment, facilities, stations and installations on the
moon shall be open to other States Parties. Such States Parties shall give reasonable
advance notice of a projected visit, in order that appropriate consultations may be held
and that maximum precautions may be taken to assure safety and to avoid interference with
normal operations in the facility to be visited. In pursuance of this article, any State
Party may act on its own behalf or with the full or partial assistance of any other State
Party or through appropriate international procedures within the framework of the United
Nations and in accordance with the Charter. ...
... 1. Each State Party may assure itself that the activities of other States Parties in
the exploration and use of the moon are compatible with the provisions of this Agreement.
To this end, all space vehicles, equipment, facilities, stations and installations on the
moon shall be open to other States Parties. Such States Parties shall give reasonable
advance notice of a projected visit, in order that appropriate consultations may be held
and that maximum precautions may be taken to assure safety and to avoid interference with
normal operations in the facility to be visited. In pursuance of this article, any State
Party may act on its own behalf or with the full or partial assistance of any other State
Party or through appropriate international procedures within the framework of the United
Nations and in accordance with the Charter. ...
... 1. Each State Party may assure itself that the activities of other States Parties in
the exploration and use of the moon are compatible with the provisions of this Agreement.
To this end, all space vehicles, equipment, facilities, stations and installations on the
moon shall be open to other States Parties. Such States Parties shall give reasonable
advance notice of a projected visit, in order that appropriate consultations may be held
and that maximum precautions may be taken to assure safety and to avoid interference with
normal operations in the facility to be visited. In pursuance of this article, any State
Party may act on its own behalf or with the full or partial assistance of any other State
Party or through appropriate international procedures within the framework of the United
Nations and in accordance with the Charter. ...
... 1. Each State Party may assure itself that the activities of other States Parties in
the exploration and use of the moon are compatible with the provisions of this Agreement.
To this end, all space vehicles, equipment, facilities, stations and installations on the
moon shall be open to other States Parties. Such States Parties shall give reasonable
advance notice of a projected visit, in order that appropriate consultations may be held
and that maximum precautions may be taken to assure safety and to avoid interference with
normal operations in the facility to be visited. In pursuance of this article, any State
Party may act on its own behalf or with the full or partial assistance of any other State
Party or through appropriate international procedures within the framework of the United
Nations and in accordance with the Charter. ...
... 1. Each State Party may assure itself that the activities of other States Parties in
the exploration and use of the moon are compatible with the provisions of this Agreement.
To this end, all space vehicles, equipment, facilities, stations and installations on the
moon shall be open to other States Parties. Such States Parties shall give reasonable
advance notice of a projected visit, in order that appropriate consultations may be held
and that maximum precautions may be taken to assure safety and to avoid interference with
normal operations in the facility to be visited. In pursuance of this article, any State
Party may act on its own behalf or with the full or partial assistance of any other State
Party or through appropriate international procedures within the framework of the United
Nations and in accordance with the Charter. ...
... 1. Each State Party may assure itself that the activities of other States Parties in
the exploration and use of the moon are compatible with the provisions of this Agreement.
To this end, all space vehicles, equipment, facilities, stations and installations on the
moon shall be open to other States Parties. Such States Parties shall give reasonable
advance notice of a projected visit, in order that appropriate consultations may be held
and that maximum precautions may be taken to assure safety and to avoid interference with
normal operations in the facility to be visited. In pursuance of this article, any State
Party may act on its own behalf or with the full or partial assistance of any other State
Party or through appropriate international procedures within the framework of the United
Nations and in accordance with the Charter. ...
... 2. A State Party which has reason to believe that another State Party is not fulfilling
the obligations incumbent upon it pursuant to this Agreement or that another State Party
is interfering with the rights which the former State has under this Agreement may request
consultations with that State Party. A State Party receiving such a request shall enter
into such consultations without delay. Any other State Party which requests to do so shall
be entitled to take part in the consultations. Each State Party participating in such
consultations shall seek a mutually acceptable resolution of any controversy and shall
bear in mind the rights and interests of all States Parties. The Secretary-General of the
United Nations shall be informed of the results of the consultations and shall transmit
the information received to all States Parties concerned. ...
... 2. A State Party which has reason to believe that another State Party is not fulfilling
the obligations incumbent upon it pursuant to this Agreement or that another State Party
is interfering with the rights which the former State has under this Agreement may request
consultations with that State Party. A State Party receiving such a request shall enter
into such consultations without delay. Any other State Party which requests to do so shall
be entitled to take part in the consultations. Each State Party participating in such
consultations shall seek a mutually acceptable resolution of any controversy and shall
bear in mind the rights and interests of all States Parties. The Secretary-General of the
United Nations shall be informed of the results of the consultations and shall transmit
the information received to all States Parties concerned. ...
... 2. A State Party which has reason to believe that another State Party is not fulfilling
the obligations incumbent upon it pursuant to this Agreement or that another State Party
is interfering with the rights which the former State has under this Agreement may request
consultations with that State Party. A State Party receiving such a request shall enter
into such consultations without delay. Any other State Party which requests to do so shall
be entitled to take part in the consultations. Each State Party participating in such
consultations shall seek a mutually acceptable resolution of any controversy and shall
bear in mind the rights and interests of all States Parties. The Secretary-General of the
United Nations shall be informed of the results of the consultations and shall transmit
the information received to all States Parties concerned. ...
... 2. A State Party which has reason to believe that another State Party is not fulfilling
the obligations incumbent upon it pursuant to this Agreement or that another State Party
is interfering with the rights which the former State has under this Agreement may request
consultations with that State Party. A State Party receiving such a request shall enter
into such consultations without delay. Any other State Party which requests to do so shall
be entitled to take part in the consultations. Each State Party participating in such
consultations shall seek a mutually acceptable resolution of any controversy and shall
bear in mind the rights and interests of all States Parties. The Secretary-General of the
United Nations shall be informed of the results of the consultations and shall transmit
the information received to all States Parties concerned. ...
... 2. A State Party which has reason to believe that another State Party is not fulfilling
the obligations incumbent upon it pursuant to this Agreement or that another State Party
is interfering with the rights which the former State has under this Agreement may request
consultations with that State Party. A State Party receiving such a request shall enter
into such consultations without delay. Any other State Party which requests to do so shall
be entitled to take part in the consultations. Each State Party participating in such
consultations shall seek a mutually acceptable resolution of any controversy and shall
bear in mind the rights and interests of all States Parties. The Secretary-General of the
United Nations shall be informed of the results of the consultations and shall transmit
the information received to all States Parties concerned. ...
... 2. A State Party which has reason to believe that another State Party is not fulfilling
the obligations incumbent upon it pursuant to this Agreement or that another State Party
is interfering with the rights which the former State has under this Agreement may request
consultations with that State Party. A State Party receiving such a request shall enter
into such consultations without delay. Any other State Party which requests to do so shall
be entitled to take part in the consultations. Each State Party participating in such
consultations shall seek a mutually acceptable resolution of any controversy and shall
bear in mind the rights and interests of all States Parties. The Secretary-General of the
United Nations shall be informed of the results of the consultations and shall transmit
the information received to all States Parties concerned. ...
... 2. A State Party which has reason to believe that another State Party is not fulfilling
the obligations incumbent upon it pursuant to this Agreement or that another State Party
is interfering with the rights which the former State has under this Agreement may request
consultations with that State Party. A State Party receiving such a request shall enter
into such consultations without delay. Any other State Party which requests to do so shall
be entitled to take part in the consultations. Each State Party participating in such
consultations shall seek a mutually acceptable resolution of any controversy and shall
bear in mind the rights and interests of all States Parties. The Secretary-General of the
United Nations shall be informed of the results of the consultations and shall transmit
the information received to all States Parties concerned. ...
... 2. A State Party which has reason to believe that another State Party is not fulfilling
the obligations incumbent upon it pursuant to this Agreement or that another State Party
is interfering with the rights which the former State has under this Agreement may request
consultations with that State Party. A State Party receiving such a request shall enter
into such consultations without delay. Any other State Party which requests to do so shall
be entitled to take part in the consultations. Each State Party participating in such
consultations shall seek a mutually acceptable resolution of any controversy and shall
bear in mind the rights and interests of all States Parties. The Secretary-General of the
United Nations shall be informed of the results of the consultations and shall transmit
the information received to all States Parties concerned. ...
... 2. A State Party which has reason to believe that another State Party is not fulfilling
the obligations incumbent upon it pursuant to this Agreement or that another State Party
is interfering with the rights which the former State has under this Agreement may request
consultations with that State Party. A State Party receiving such a request shall enter
into such consultations without delay. Any other State Party which requests to do so shall
be entitled to take part in the consultations. Each State Party participating in such
consultations shall seek a mutually acceptable resolution of any controversy and shall
bear in mind the rights and interests of all States Parties. The Secretary-General of the
United Nations shall be informed of the results of the consultations and shall transmit
the information received to all States Parties concerned. ...
... 3. If the consultations do not lead to a mutually acceptable settlement which has due
regard for the rights and interests of all States Parties, the parties concerned shall
take all measures to settle the dispute by other peaceful means of their choice
appropriate to the circumstances and the nature of the dispute. If difficulties arise in
connection with the opening of consultations or if consultations do not lead to a mutually
acceptable settlement, any State Party may seek the assistance of the Secretary-General,
without seeking the consent of any other State Party concerned, in order to resolve the
controversy. A State Party which does not maintain diplomatic relations with another State
Party concerned shall participate in such consultations, at its choice, either itself or
through another State Party or the Secretary-General as intermediary. ...
... 3. If the consultations do not lead to a mutually acceptable settlement which has due
regard for the rights and interests of all States Parties, the parties concerned shall
take all measures to settle the dispute by other peaceful means of their choice
appropriate to the circumstances and the nature of the dispute. If difficulties arise in
connection with the opening of consultations or if consultations do not lead to a mutually
acceptable settlement, any State Party may seek the assistance of the Secretary-General,
without seeking the consent of any other State Party concerned, in order to resolve the
controversy. A State Party which does not maintain diplomatic relations with another State
Party concerned shall participate in such consultations, at its choice, either itself or
through another State Party or the Secretary-General as intermediary. ...
... 3. If the consultations do not lead to a mutually acceptable settlement which has due
regard for the rights and interests of all States Parties, the parties concerned shall
take all measures to settle the dispute by other peaceful means of their choice
appropriate to the circumstances and the nature of