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Aware also of the need for further research and systematic observations to further develop scientific knowledge of the ozone layer and possible adverse effects resulting from its modification, ...
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Determined to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting from modifications of the ozone layer, ...
ARTICLE-1: Definitions [go to this ARTICLE]
... "Adverse effects" means changes in the physical environment or biota, including changes in climate, which have significant deleterious effects on human health or on the composition, resilience and productivity of natural and managed ecosystems, or on materials useful to mankind. ...
... "Adverse effects" means changes in the physical environment or biota, including changes in climate, which have significant deleterious effects on human health or on the composition, resilience and productivity of natural and managed ecosystems, or on materials useful to mankind. ...
... "Alternative technologies or equipment" means technologies or equipment the use of which makes it possible to reduce or effectively eliminate emissions of substances which have or are likely to have adverse effects on the ozone layer. ...
... "Alternative substances" means substances which reduce, eliminate or avoid adverse effects on the ozone layer. ...
ARTICLE-2: General obligations [go to this ARTICLE]
... The Parties shall take appropriate measures in accordance with the provisions of this Convention and of those protocols in force to which they are party to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting or likely to result from human activities which modify or are likely to modify the ozone layer. ...
... (a) Co-operate by means of systematic observations, research and information exchange in order to better understand and assess the effects on human health and the environment from modification of the ozone layer; ...
... (b) Adopt appropriate legislative or administrative measures and co-operate in harmonizing appropriate policies to control, limit, reduce or prevent human activities under their jurisdiction or control should it be found that these activities have or are likely to have adverse effects resulting from modification or likely modification of the ozone layer; ...
ARTICLE-3: Research and systematic observations [go to this ARTICLE]
... (b) The human health and other biological effects deriving from any modifications of the ozone layer, particularly those resulting from changes in ultra-violet solar radiation having biological effects (UV-B); ...
... (b) The human health and other biological effects deriving from any modifications of the ozone layer, particularly those resulting from changes in ultra-violet solar radiation having biological effects (UV-B); ...
... (c) Climatic effects deriving from any modifications of the ozone layer; ...
... (d) Effects deriving from any modifications of the ozone layer and any consequent change in UV-B radiation on natural and synthetic materials useful to mankind; ...
... (e) Substances, practices, processes and activities that may affect the ozone layer, and their cumulative effects; ...
ARTICLE-6: Conference of the Parties [go to this ARTICLE]
... (b) Review the scientific information on the ozone layer, on its possible modification and on possible effects of any such modification; ...
ARTICLE-19: Withdrawal [go to this ARTICLE]
... Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of one year after the date of its receipt by the Depositary, or on such later date as may be specified in the notification of the withdrawal. ...
ARTICLE-21: Authentic texts [go to this ARTICLE]
... IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized to that effect, have signed this Convention. ...
ARTICLE-Annex_I: Research and systematic observations [go to this ARTICLE]
... (a) Modification of the ozone layer which would result in a change in the amount of solar ultra-violet radiation having biological effects (UV-B) that reaches the Earth's surface and the potential consequences for human health, for organisms, ecosystems and materials useful to mankind; ...
... (i) Comprehensive theoretical models: further development of models which consider the interaction between radiative, dynamic and chemical processes; studies of the simultaneous effects of various man-made and naturally occurring species upon atmospheric ozone; interpretation of satellite and non-satellite measurement data sets; evaluation of trends in atmospheric and geophysical parameters, and the development of methods for attributing changes in these parameters to specific causes; ...
... (b) Research into health, biological and photodegradation effects
- (i) The relationship between human exposure to visible and ultra-violet solar radiation and (a) the development of both non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer and (b) the effects on the immunological system;
- (ii) Effects of UV-B radiation, including the wavelength dependence, upon (a) agricultural crops, forests and other terrestrial ecosystems and (b) the aquatic food web and fisheries, as well as possible inhibition of oxygen production by marine phytoplankton;
- (iii) The mechanisms by which UV-B radiation acts on biological materials, species and ecosystems, including: the relationship between dose, dose rate, and response; photorepair, adaptation, and protection;
- (iv) Studies of biological action spectra and the spectral response using polychromatic radiation in order to include possible interactions of the various wavelength regions;
- (v) The influence of UV-B radiation on: the sensitivities and activities of biological species important to the biospheric balance; primary processes such as photosynthesis and biosynthesis;
- (vi) The influence of UV-B radiation on the photodegradation of pollutants, agricultural chemicals and other materials;
... (i) The relationship between human exposure to visible and ultra-violet solar radiation and (a) the development of both non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer and (b) the effects on the immunological system; ...
... (ii) Effects of UV-B radiation, including the wavelength dependence, upon (a) agricultural crops, forests and other terrestrial ecosystems and (b) the aquatic food web and fisheries, as well as possible inhibition of oxygen production by marine phytoplankton; ...
... (c) Research on effects on climate
- (i) Theoretical and observational studies of the radiative effects of ozone and other trace species and the impact on climate parameters, such as land and ocean surface temperatures, precipitation patterns, the exchange between the troposphere and stratosphere;
- (ii) The investigation of the effects of such climate impacts on various aspects of human activity;
... (i) Theoretical and observational studies of the radiative effects of ozone and other trace species and the impact on climate parameters, such as land and ocean surface temperatures, precipitation patterns, the exchange between the troposphere and stratosphere; ...
... (ii) The investigation of the effects of such climate impacts on various aspects of human activity; ...
... (v) Wavelength-resolved solar flux reaching the EarthÕs surface in the ultra-violet range having biological effects (UV-B); ...
ARTICLE-Annex_II: Information exchange [go to this ARTICLE]
... (c) Scientific results published in peer-reviewed literature on the understanding of the physics and chemistry of the EarthÕs atmosphere and of its susceptibility to change, in particular on the state of the ozone layer and effects on human health, environment and climate which would result from changes on all time-scales in either the total column content or the vertical distribution of ozone; ...