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Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects
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person
[
Global Index
]
ARTICLE-I
[
go to this ARTICLE
]
... (a) The
term
"
damage
" means loss of
life
,
personal injury
or other impairment of
health
; or loss of or
damage
to
property
of
States
or of
persons
,
natural
or
juridical
, or
property
of
international
intergovernmental organizations
; ...
ARTICLE-III
[
go to this ARTICLE
]
... In the
event
of
damage
being caused elsewhere than on the
surface
of the
earth
to a
space object
of one
launching State
or to
persons
or
property
on
board
such a
space object
by a
space object
of another
launching State
, the latter shall be
liable
only if the
damage
is
due
to its
fault
or the
fault
of
persons
for whom it is
responsible
. ...
... In the
event
of
damage
being caused elsewhere than on the
surface
of the
earth
to a
space object
of one
launching State
or to
persons
or
property
on
board
such a
space object
by a
space object
of another
launching State
, the latter shall be
liable
only if the
damage
is
due
to its
fault
or the
fault
of
persons
for whom it is
responsible
. ...
ARTICLE-IV
[
go to this ARTICLE
]
... 1. In the
event
of
damage
being caused elsewhere than on the
surface
of the
earth
to a
space object
of one
launching State
or to
persons
or
property
on
board
such a
space object
by a
space object
of another
launching State
, and of
damage
thereby being caused to a
third State
or to its
natural
or
juridical
persons
, the first two
States
shall be
jointly
and severally
liable
to the
third State
, to the
extent
indicated by the following: ...
... 1. In the
event
of
damage
being caused elsewhere than on the
surface
of the
earth
to a
space object
of one
launching State
or to
persons
or
property
on
board
such a
space object
by a
space object
of another
launching State
, and of
damage
thereby being caused to a
third State
or to its
natural
or
juridical
persons
, the first two
States
shall be
jointly
and severally
liable
to the
third State
, to the
extent
indicated by the following: ...
... (b) If the
damage
has been caused to a
space object
of the
third State
or to
persons
or
property
on
board
that
space object
elsewhere than on the
surface
of the
earth
, their
liability
to the
third State
shall be based on the
fault
of either of the first two
States
or on the
fault
of
persons
for whom either is
responsible
. ...
... (b) If the
damage
has been caused to a
space object
of the
third State
or to
persons
or
property
on
board
that
space object
elsewhere than on the
surface
of the
earth
, their
liability
to the
third State
shall be based on the
fault
of either of the first two
States
or on the
fault
of
persons
for whom either is
responsible
. ...
ARTICLE-VI
[
go to this ARTICLE
]
... 1.
Subject
to the
provisions
of paragraph 2 of this
Article
,
exoneration
from
absolute
liability
shall be
granted
to the
extent
that a
launching State
establishes that the
damage
has resulted either wholly or partially from
gross
negligence
or from an
act
or
omission
done with
intent
to cause
damage
on the part of a claimant
State
or of
natural
or
juridical
persons
it represents. ...
ARTICLE-VIII
[
go to this ARTICLE
]
... 1. A
State
which suffers
damage
, or whose
natural
or
juridical
persons
suffer
damage
, may present to a
launching State
a
claim
for
compensation
for such
damage
. ...
... 2. If the
State
of
nationality
has not presented a
claim
, another
State
may, in
respect
of
damage
sustained in its
territory
by any
natural
or
juridical
person
, present a
claim
to a
launching State
. ...
ARTICLE-XI
[
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]
... 1.
Presentation
of a
claim
to a
launching State
for
compensation for damage
under this
Convention
shall not require the
prior
exhaustion
of any
local
remedies
which may be available to a claimant
State
or to
natural
or
juridical
persons
it represents. ...
... 2. Nothing in this
Convention
shall
prevent
a
State
, or
natural
or
juridical
persons
it might represent, from pursuing a
claim
in the
courts
or
administrative
tribunals
or
agencies
of a
launching State
. A
State
shall not, however, be entitled to present a
claim
under this
Convention
in
respect
of the same
damage
for which a
claim
is being pursued in the
courts
or
administrative
tribunals
or
agencies
of a
launching State
or under another
international agreement
which is
binding
on the
States
concerned
. ...
ARTICLE-XII
[
go to this ARTICLE
]
... The
compensation
which the
launching State
shall be
liable
to
pay
for
damage
under this
Convention
shall be
determined
in
accordance
with
international law
and the
principles
of
justice
and
equity
, in
order
to provide such reparation in
respect
of the
damage
as will
restore
the
person
,
natural
or
juridical
,
State
or
international organization
on whose behalf the
claim
is presented to the
condition
which would have
existed
if the
damage
had not occurred. ...
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