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ARTICLE-2: Use of terms     [go to this ARTICLE]
... (b) “ratification”, “acceptance”, “approval” and “accession” mean in each case the international act so named whereby a State establishes on the international plane its consent to be bound by a treaty; ...
... (c) “'full powers”' means a document emanating from the competent authority of a State designating a person or persons to represent the State for negotiating, adopting or authenticating the text of a treaty, for expressing the consent of the State to be bound by a treaty, or for accomplishing any other act with respect to a treaty; ...


ARTICLE-7: Full powers     [go to this ARTICLE]
... (a) Heads of State, Heads of Government and Ministers for Foreign Affairs, for the purpose of performing all acts relating to the conclusion of a treaty; ...


ARTICLE-8: Subsequent confirmation of an act performed without authorization     [go to this ARTICLE]
... Subsequent confirmation of an act performed without authorization ...
... An act relating to the conclusion of a treaty performed by a person who cannot be considered under article 7 as authorized to represent a State for that purpose is without legal effect unless afterwards confirmed by that State. ...


ARTICLE-10: Authentication of the text     [go to this ARTICLE]
... (b) failing such procedure, by the signature, signature ad referendum or initialling by the representatives of those States of the text of the treaty or of the Final Act of a conference incorporating the text. ...


ARTICLE-18: Obligation not to defeat the object and purpose of a treaty prior to its entry into force     [go to this ARTICLE]
... A State is obliged to refrain from acts which would defeat the object and purpose of a treaty when: ...


ARTICLE-20: Acceptance of and objection to reservations     [go to this ARTICLE]
... (c) an act expressing a State's consent to be bound by the treaty and containing a reservation is effective as soon as at least one other contracting State has accepted the reservation. ...


ARTICLE-28: Non-retroactivity of treaties     [go to this ARTICLE]
... Unless a different intention appears from the treaty or is otherwise established, its provisions do not bind a party in relation to any act or fact which took place or any situation which ceased to exist before the date of the entry into force of the treaty with respect to that party. ...


ARTICLE-51: Coercion of a representative of a State     [go to this ARTICLE]
... The expression of a State's consent to be bound by a treaty which has been procured by the coercion of its representative through acts or threats directed against him shall be without any legal effect. ...


ARTICLE-67: Instruments for declaring invalid, terminating, withdrawing from or suspending the operation of a treaty     [go to this ARTICLE]
... 2. Any act declaring invalid, terminating, withdrawing from or suspending the operation of a treaty pursuant to the provisions of the treaty or of paragraphs 2 or 3 of article 65 shall be carried out through an instrument communicated to the other parties. If the instrument is not signed by the Head of State, Head of Government or Minister for Foreign Affairs, the representative of the State communicating it may be called upon to produce full powers. ...


ARTICLE-69: Consequences of the invalidity of a treaty     [go to this ARTICLE]
... 2. If acts have nevertheless been performed in reliance on such a treaty: ...
... (a) each party may require any other party to establish as far as possible in their mutual relations the position that would have existed if the acts had not been performed; ...
... (b) acts performed in good faith before the invalidity was invoked are not rendered unlawful by reason only of the invalidity of the treaty. ...
... 3. In cases falling under articles 49, 50, 51 or 52, paragraph 2 does not apply with respect to the party to which the fraud, the act of corruption or the coercion is imputable. ...


ARTICLE-71: Consequences of the invalidity of a treaty which conflict with a peremptory norm of general international law     [go to this ARTICLE]
... (a) eliminate as far as possible the consequences of any act performed in reliance on any provision which conflicts with the peremptory norm of general international law; and ...


ARTICLE-72: Consequences of the suspension of the operation of a treaty     [go to this ARTICLE]
... 2. During the period of the suspension the parties shall refrain from acts tending to obstruct the resumption of the operation of the treaty. ...


ARTICLE-76: Depositaries of treaties     [go to this ARTICLE]
... 2. The functions of the depositary of a treaty are international in character and the depositary is under an obligation to act impartially in their performance. In particular, the fact that a treaty has not entered into force between certain of the parties or that a difference has appeared between a State and a depositary with regard to the performance of the latter's functions shall not affect that obligation. ...


ARTICLE-77: Functions of depositaries     [go to this ARTICLE]
... (e) informing the parties and the States entitled to become parties to the treaty of acts, notifications and communications relating to the treaty; ...


ARTICLE-80: Registration and publication of treaties     [go to this ARTICLE]
... 2. The designation of a depositary shall constitute authorization for it to perform the acts specified in the preceding paragraph. ...